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过去分词练习范文1
逻辑主语是什么:就是非谓语动作的发出者或承受者。
练习一:找出下列句中非谓语动词短语(即画线部分)的逻辑主语。
1. Used for a long time, the book looks old. (_________)
2. Using the book, I find it useful. (_________)
3. He likes helping others. (_________)
4. Moved by his words, I told him all the news. (_________)
5. It’s kind of you to tell me the news. (_________)
6. It is impossible for you to finish so much work in so short a time.(_________)
7. The teacher asked me to answer his question. (_________)
8. I saw him playing at the river side. (_________)
一般来说,分词做状语,它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。
如果逻辑主语是非谓语动词的发出者,那么非谓语动词就用主动。如:例2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8;如果逻辑主语是非谓语动词的承受者,那么非谓语动词就用被动。如:例1, 4。
二、过去分词做状语的功能
(一)表被动
过去分词与句子的主语构成动宾关系,也就是逻辑主语是非谓语动词的承受者。
练:请用括号中所给词的正确形式填空。
(1)__________ (read ) carefully, the article has several mistakes .
(2)__________(see) from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us.
(3) __________ (find) in the forest, the lost boy was already exhausted.
(4) __________ (beat) by the opposite team, the players were not discouraged.
思考:过去分词作状语都表被动吗?
(二)表状态
1. 源于情感类动词的过去分词作状语时表状态,与句子的主语不构成动宾关系(情感类动词的过去分词,是形容词化的过去分词),所表达的意义是说明主语的状态,“感到……的”,不表被动。情感类的动词过去分词有:astonished, amazed, annoyed, amused, convinced, delighted, disappointed, encouraged, excited, frightened, interested, pleased, surprised, satisfied, shocked, terrified, tired, touched, moved, worried, bored, tired等等。
练习三:请用括号中所给词的正确形式填空或选择一个最佳答案。
(1)After the Anti-terrorist War, the American soldiers returned home, safe but _______(tire).
(2)__________(disappoint) with the result of the experiment, she started a new one.
(3)After the journey, the three of them went back home, _________
A. hungry and tiredly B. hungry and tired
C. hungrily and tiredly D. hungrily and tired
(4)________(surprise)and happy,Tony stood up and accepted the prize.
(5)After his journey from abroad, Richard John returned home, ________(exhaust).
2. 源于系表结构的过去分词作状语时表状态,与句子的主语不构成动宾关系(这种分词也是形容词化的过去分词)。如:be lost in (沉迷于),be seated(坐着), be hidden(躲),be absorbed in(沉溺于), be tired of(厌烦), be interested in(感兴趣),be well-known for(因出名), be dressed in (穿着),be faced with (面临着) 等。当这些短语作状语时,常用过去分词作状语,表示主语所处于某种的状态。
练习四:请用括号中所给词的正确形式填空。
(1)__________(lose / absorb)in deep thought, he didn’t hear the sound.
(2)_________(dress)in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.
(3)He left the place , __________( determine )never to come back .
(4)__________(tire) of the food, he said nothing and went out.
(5)___________(concern) about his safety, the parents called him.
三、过去分词做状语的用法
1. 过去分词作状语:表示时间,条件,原因,让步,比较状语时,等同于相应的时间状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句,让步状语从句和比较状语从句。
练习五:请把下列句中做状语的分词短语转换为状语从句。
(1) He won’t go there with us unless invited.
_________________________________________________
(2) Lost in thought, I didn’t notice what happened outside.
_________________________________________________
(3) Given another hour, I can also work out this problem.
_________________________________________________
(4) The concert was a great success than expected.
_________________________________________________
2. 过去分词作方式或伴随状语时,等同于一个并列句。
The old man got on the bus, supported by a girl.
= The old man got on the bus and was supported by a girl.
注意:
(1)状语从句改成过去分词作状语后,有时还可保留连词,构成“连词+过去分词”结构作状语。
When given a medical examination, you should keep calm.
(2)过去分词作状语可以位于主句之前也可以位于主句之后。
He stood there silently, moved to tears. = Moved to tears, he stood there silently.
练习六:请把下列句中作状语的分词短语转换为状语从句。
(1) Satisfied with what he did, the teacher praised him in class.
_________________________________________________
(2) Given a few minutes, I’ll finish it.
_________________________________________________
(3) Trained ten hours a day, he will still be a fool.
_________________________________________________
(4) She walked out of the house, followed by her little daughter.
_________________________________________________
(5) Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
_________________________________________________
四、区别现在分词做状语
现在分词作状语时,与逻辑主语之间存在主动关系,用-ing表示:
1. 当所表示的动作与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生用一般式(doing)。
Arriving at a strange-looking house, he showed me into a large, bright clean room.
Walking along the river bank, she was singing a pop song.
Doing his best in maths these days, he has still got no good marks.
2.当所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前用完成式(having done)。
Having said this, he spread some food on the table.
Having made the mistake many times, he still makes it once agin.
练习七:请用括号中所给词的正确形式填空或选择一个最佳答案。
(1)__________and short of breath, Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai.
A. To be tried B. Tired C. Tiring D. Being tired
(2)__________ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog.
A. Being bitten B. Bitten
C. Having bitten D. To be bitten
(3) __________by the advances in technology, many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.
A. Being encouraged B. Encouraging
C. Encouraged D. Having encouraged
(4)___________ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed B. Followed by
C. Being followed D. Having been followed
(5) ____________, liquids can be changed into gases.
A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat
(6)We watched, __________(amaze) as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship
练习八:阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当内容(1个单词)或所给词的正确形式。
1 (absorb)in his novel, Tome didn’t notice his teacher coming to him. “ 2 (tell) many times to study hard, why are you still wasting your time?” the teacher said angrily, 3 (glare) at Tom. “Sorry, Mr. Wang. 4 (not know ) what to do, I just want to keep quiet in class, 5 (kill) my time.” 6 (hear) his words, the teacher left more angrily without saying anything. 7 ( surprise), his classmates all stopped studying and looked up at Tom, 8 he was always considered a hard-working boy. “ It’s nothing special,” Tom explained, 9 (put) the novel in his bag. “Isn’t it good 10 us to read more ?” Then he began to do his homework.
参考答案
练习一:1. the book 2. I 3. he 4. I 5. you 6. you 7. me
8. him
练:(1) Read (2) Seen (3)Found (4) Beaten
练习三:(1)tired (2)Disappointed (3) B (4) Surprised (5) exhausted
练习四:(1) Lost /absorbed (2) Dressed(3) determined (4) Tired (5)Concerned
练习五:(1)He won’t go there with us unless he is invited.
(2)Because I was lost in thought, I didn’t notice what happened outside.
(3)If I am given another hour, I can also work out this problem.
(4)The concert was a great success than it was expected.
练习六:
(1)Because the teacher was satisfied with what he did, the teacher praised him in class.
(2)If I was given a few minutes, I’ll finish it.
(3)Although he is trained ten hours a day, he will still be a fool.
(4)She walked out of the house and was followed by her little daughter.
(5)Once it is seen, it can never be forgotten.
练习七:(1)B (2)B (3) C (4)B (5) C (6)amazed
过去分词练习范文2
一、句法功能
过去分词在句中可作时间状语,原因状语,让步状语,结果状语,方式状语和条件状语等。过去分词作状语不管放在句首或句末,一般是用逗号将其与主句隔开。
1. 作时间状语,通常在句首,但有时句末,有时置于主语和谓语之间。
Asked about his family, the young man made no answer.
The young man made no answer, asked about his family.
The young man, asked about his family, made no answer.
问到他的家庭,这个年轻人没有回答。
2. 作原因状语,一般置于句首,偶尔置于句末。
Having lived abroad for years, I am long to return.
在国外居住了几年,我渴望回国。
The child learns fast, well brought up by his parents.
受到父母的良好教育,这个小孩学得很快。
3. 作条件状语,常位于句首。
United, we stand; divided, we fail.
团结就是胜利,分裂必然失败。
4. 作伴随或方式状语,可位于句首、句中或句末。
The hunter walked slowly in the forest, followed by his wolf dog.
猎人在森林中慢慢地走,后面跟着他的狼狗。
5. 作让步状语,通常放在句首。
Although wounded all over, the brave soldiers continued to fight.
虽然全身受伤,这个勇敢的士兵继续战斗。
二、部分形容词化的过去分词
有些过去分词已经形容词化并且用于系表结构,此时这些过去分词既不表示被动也不表示完成,而是表示一种状态。这样的过去分词及过去分词短语常见的有:lost(迷路),seated(坐),hidden(躲),stationed(驻扎),lost/absorbed in(沉溺于),born(出身于),dressed in(穿着),tired of(感到厌倦)等,作状语时,通常不用其-ing形式。
Lost in the mountain for a week, we were finally saved by the local police.
在大山里迷失了一个星期,我们最终被当地警察所救。
三、过去分词作状语与现在分词作状语的区别
过去分词作状语时,句子的主语是过去分词所表示动作的承受者,它们之间的关系是被动关系;现在分词作状语时,句子的主语是现在分词所表示动作的执行者,它们之间的关系是主动关系。现在分词动作与谓语同时发生时用一般式doing, 如果现在分词的动作发生在谓语动词之前,表示主动就用having done, 表示被动则用having been done。
Walking along the street, I met a friend of mine.
沿着大街向前走时,我遇到我的一个朋友。
Having finished their work, they had a rest.
完成工作后,他们就休息了。
Seen in the distance, the city looks more attractive.
从远处看,这个城市更加迷人。
Seeing in the distance, we find the city more attractive.
从远处看,我们发现这个城市更加迷人。
四、连词+过去分词
过去分词时间状语、条件状语或让步状语时,为了明确其含义有时可在分词前加上when, while, until, once, if, though, unless, although等连词,这相当于状语从句的省略。
When asked about his family, he made no answer.
当问及家庭的时候,他没有回答。
Unless invited, I will not attend the party.
除非受到邀请,否则我将不参加聚会。
Once (it is) seen, it will not be forgotten.
只要看见就不会忘记。
但before, after一般不与过去分词连用,因为这两个词还可作介词,后接being done的形式。
Before being called, remain where you are.
在点名前,待在原地不动。
五、过去分词作状语与状语从句的转换
1. 过去分词作时间状语时,可转换为when, while或after等引导的时间状语从句。
Completed, the library will be open to the public next year. =When it is completed, the library will be open to the public.
图书馆完工后,将于明年向公众开放。
2. 过去分词作原因状语时,可转换为as, since或because等引导的原因状语从句。
Encouraged by the progress he has made, he works harder. =As he is encouraged by the progress he has made, he works harder.
由于受到所取得的成绩的鼓舞,他工作更加努力了。
3. 过去分词作条件状语时,可转换为if, once或
unless等引导的条件状语从句。
United, we will stand; divided, we will fail. = If we are united we will stand; if we are divided, we will fail.
团结就是胜利,分裂必然失败。
4. 过去分词作伴随状语时,一般转换为并列句。
Mr Li came in, followed by his wife. = Mr Li came in and he was followed by his wife.
李老师走进来,后面跟着他的妻子。
5. 过去分词作让步状语时,一般转换为although, though或even if等引导的让步状语从句。
Exhausted by the climb, we continued our journey. =Although we were exhausted by the climb, we continued our journey.
我们虽然爬得很累,但我们仍然继续我们的旅程。
6. 过去分词作方式状语时,如有连词as if就转换为as if引导的方式状语从句:若无连词,则转换为并列句。
The little girl began to cry as if bitten by a snake. =The little girl began to cry as if she was bitten by a snake.
小女孩大叫起来,好像被蛇咬了。
练习
1. __________twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog.
A. Being bitten B. Bitten
C. Having bitten D. To be bitten
2. __________ accoring to the directions, this kind of medicine has no side effect.
A. When taken B. When to take
C. When taking D. Taking
3. Our friendship is nothing __________ with yours.
A. to compare B. comparing
C. compared D. being compared
4. It is rather difficult to make friends with him, but his friends, __________ is more true than others.
A. after gaining B. when to gain
C. while gaining D. once gained
5. No one can walk the wire in the air without a bit of fear unless __________ very young.
A. having trained B. to be trained
C. trained D. being trained
6. __________ of stealing money from the bank, he was questioned by the police.
A. Accusing B. Having accused
C. To accuse D. Accused
7. __________ by his grandparents made Mike not used to living with his parents.
A. To bring up B. Being brought up
C. Brought up D. Bringing up
8. ― Who should be responsible for the accident?
― The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order .
A. as told B. as are told
C. as telling D. as they told
9. __________ from the top of the tower, the south of the mountain is a sea of trees.
A. Having seen B. Seen
C. To see D. Seeing
10. __________ , he continued to walk. (hesitate)
犹豫了一会,他又继续走了下去。
11.__________ , she still accepted it without complaint. (disappoint)
尽管对结果失望,但她仍是毫无怨言地接受了它。
12. __________ , he has to stay in bed. (wound)
他腿受了重伤,不得不躺在床上。
13. __________, they took a rest. (classify)
给书分类后,他们休息了一会。
参考答案
1~9 BACDCDBAB
10. Hesitating for a moment
11. Though disappointed at the result
过去分词练习范文3
英语中的动词有五种基本形式,即动词原形、一般现在时第三人称单数形式、现在分词、过去式和过去分词。
一、 动词原形
动词原形就是词典中作为词条所给和形式。
如:have, live, work, study
动词原形的主要用途是:
1. 用在一般现在时除主语为第三人称单数以外的所有人称的句子中,充当句子的谓语。
如:I often speak English in class.
We usually clean the room after school.
They watch TV every evening.
Do you study English?
2. 用在情态动词以及某些词组动词之后,与其一同构成句子的谓语。
如:You should finish your homework as soon as possible.
They must stay at home.
I would rather buy this one.
You had better answer the questions in English.
3. 用来作某些动词的宾语补足语。
如:The teacher let him go home at last.
Nice food makes you feel even more hungry.
We often hear her play the violin.
4. 用在will(would), shall(should), be going to 之后,构成将来时。
如:They will go to New York next month.
He told me that they would go to New York the next month.
I shall tell you the exciting news.
They are going to visit the museum.
5. 用在带有did..., does...的疑问句中。
如: Did you see him just now?
Does Tom often play football?
What did they do then?
Where does she live?
6. 用在带有didn’t..., doesn’t...的否定句中。
如:They didn’t clean the room yesterday.
He doesn’t study hard.
Why didn’t you tell me earlier?
二、 一般现在时第三人称单数形式
一般现在时第三人称单数形式也就是动词词尾带有-s的形式。其变化规则与规则变化的名词复数形式的规则相同。即:
1. 一般情况下直接在词尾加-s。如:
know―knows rain―rains stop―stops
2. 以s, x, ch, sh以及“辅音字母+ o”结尾的词,在词尾加-es。如:
guess―guesses fix―fixes watch―watches
finish―finishes go―goes
3. 以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的词,先变y 为i,再加-es。如:
study―studies carry―carries
另外还特殊形式。如:have的一般现在时第三人称单数形式是has。动词be的一般现在时第三人称单数形式是is。
使用这种动词形式必须具备两个条件。
1. 时态必须是一般现在时。
2. 主语的人称必须是第三人称单数形式(即主语的人称可以用人称代词he, she, it 来替代)。如:
Mike often goes for a swim in summer.
She usually gets up at 6:00.
Sometimes my father takes me to the park.
三、 现在分词
现在分词也就是动词词尾带有-ing的形式。其变化规则如下:
1. 一般情况下直接在词尾加-ing。如:
work―working play―playing study―studying
2. 以不发音的e结尾的词,先去e, 再加-ing。如:
have―having dance―dancing skate―skating
3. 以重读闭音节结尾的词,如果末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母, 再加-ing。如:
plan―planning sit―sitting begin―beginning
4. 以“ie”结尾的词,先把ie改为y, 再加-ing。如:
lie―lying die―dying tie―tying
现在分词的主要用途:
现在分词主要是用来与动词be形式一起构成进行时的。
由动词be的现在时形式“am/ is/ are + 现在分词”构成的进行时为现在进行时。表示此时正在进行的动作。如:
I am listening to the teacher now.
Tom is playing foootball over there.
They are watching TV.
由动词be的过去式形式“was/ were + 现在分词”构成的进行时为现在进行时。表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。如:
He was doing his homework this time yesterday.
They were listening to an American song when I came into the room.
四、 过去式与过去分词
首先要明确过去式与过去分词是两个完全不同的概念。
过去式与过去分词的构成形式分规则变化和不规则变化两种。其规则变化两者的形式完全相同,就是词尾带有-ed的形式。其变化规则如下:
1. 一般情况下直接在词尾加-ed。如:
clean―cleaned called―called wash―washed
work―worked help―helped
2. 以e结尾的词,直接在词尾加- ed。如:
move―moved dance―danced close―closed
3. 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词,先变y为i,再加-ed。如:
try―tried study―studied carry―carried
4. 以重读闭音节结尾的词,如果末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母, 再加-ed。如:
plan―planned stop―stopped prefer―preferred
不规则变化是指不是在词尾加-ed的形式。这些词请务必在平时下功夫熟记书后的不规则动词表。记的时候也不完全是靠死记硬背的,有些不规则变化还是有规律可遁的。
1. 多数以“w”结尾的词,它的过去式“w”前的字母改为e,过去分词是原形后面加n。如:
blow―blew―blown know―knew―known
throw―threw―thrown draw―drew―drawn
2. 多数以“t”结尾的词,中间没有“ee”的动词,它的过去式、过去分词与原形三者形式相同。如:
cost―cost―cost cut―cut―cut hit―hit―hit
hurt―hurt―hurt let―let―let put―put―put
3. 以“eep”或“eel”结尾的动词,它们的过去式和过去分词都是把原形中的eep或eel改为ept, elt。如:
sleep―slept―slept sweep―swept―swept
keep―kept―kept feel―felt―felt
4. 以“eed”和“eet”结尾的动词,它们的过去式和过去分词是将原形中的eed或eet改为ed, et。如:
feed―fed―fed speed―sped―sped meet―met―met
另外,还有其他的形式,需要平时逐一用心去记。
前面就讲了过去式与过去分词是两个完全不同的概念。因此,它们的用途是不同的。
过去式是用来表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。如:
I was out last night.
He called me just now.
过去分词的主要用途有两种:
1. 与have/ has 或had 一起构成现在或过去完成时。如:
I have seen the film.
He has gone to the library.
The train had just left when I got to the station.
2. 与动词be形式一起构成被动语态。
English is taught in our school.
过去分词练习范文4
现行高中英语教材涉及语法知识多、范围广,学生时间有限,不能很好地掌握应有的语法知识而导致信心不足,成绩下降。为了解决这一问题,最好的办法就是老师要学会抓住重点讲语法,做到精讲多练才能提高语法教学效果。现以以下示例为范。
一、讲冠词
冠词是一种虚词,用来修饰名词。英语中有三个冠词:定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词。在学习冠词时,除要求学生记忆一些运用固定规则外,更重要的是培养学生通过翻译判断是“确定”还是“不确定”。不确定则用不定冠词或零冠词;确定则用定冠词。例如:
1. Books are very important for school students. 书对学生来说很重要。
这里Books和school students都是泛指,不确定,因此不用冠词(零冠词)。
2. Last Sunday, I bought a reference book at the library near our school. If you are interested in the book ,I’ll bring it to you some day. 上星期天,我在我们学校附近的那家书店里买了一本参考书,如果你对那本书感兴趣的话,哪天我把它给你带来。
这里a reference book(一本参考书)是不确定的;the library near our school(学校附近的那家书店) 是确定的 ;the book(那本书) 是前文提到的,是确定的。
二、讲区别定语从句与同位语从句
定语从句中,从句是不完整的。可以根据从句所需要的成分来判断相应的引导词。
例如:
At the meeting, they didn’t discuss the idea that (which或省略)you had put forward the other day.
仅观察并翻译从句“you had put forward the other day.”你会发现从句因缺乏宾语而翻译不通。其实,had put forward的宾语应该是the idea.从句中之所以没了the idea是因为它被引导词( that或which)替换并放在从句句首作了引导词。这样,通过从句所需要的成分来决定选用哪种引导词:所需要的成分如果作主语、宾语,指事物则用that 或which 或省略,指人则用who 或whom ; 所需要的成分如果作状语,指地点用where , 指时间用when. 所需要的成分作定语则用到whose . 从句和先行词之间是修饰和被修饰关系。
同位语从句中,从句是完整的。在news 、fact 、idea 、message 、possibility 、word(音信) 、question 、problem 、doubt等“具有一定思想内容”的名词后常常跟同位语从句。该从句是对这些“具有一定思想内容”的名词进行补充、解释、说明的,是并列关系。所以其从句意思是完整的而且它们(除question problem 外)的引导词都是that 而且that不省略。例如:
1. I have an idea that we should put the bird cage on the balcony.这里idea的内容就是we should put the bird cage on the balcony.而we should put the bird cage on the balcony就是一个idea .
2. You haven’t answered my question where you have hidden the money you had stolen.同样,在这里question的内容就是where you have hidden the money you had stolen而where you have hidden the money you had stolen就是一个question.
三、讲区别动词不定式与动名词作宾语
在我们的教学实践中,为了区分不定式和动名词,老师们往往会列出很多动词让学生记忆那些动词后要跟动词不定式,哪些后跟动名词,这种做法确实可行,但最好还是让学生学会理解区分效果更好。
在我看来有这一句话就够了:动词不定式的动作在谓语动词之后发生,常常表示“将要……”或“为了……”。所以说动词不定式动作具有计划性、目的性。学生自己就能列出很多后跟不定式的动词:decide want plan like refuse intend fail remember forget mean stop begin come 等等。例如:
They stopped to see the groups of wild ducks floating on the reservoir.(停下来要 / 为了看)
We have quite a lot of experiments to do to test whether your thought is right or not.(要做的实验;为的是要证明)。
动名词只表达说话者对事物的陈述,没有未来的倾向。例如:
1.I had just finished doing my housework before you came in.
2.You must try to avoid making the same mistakes in your future work.
四、讲分词
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。在教学中,只需引导学生正确理解“现在分词表主动;过去分词表被动”就足够了。如果分词作状语、作表语时,则看句子主语和分词之间的关系,主语是分词动作执行者,用现在分词;是承受者,用过去分词。例如:
1. A war broke out in the country, forcing many citizens to leave away from their homes.
这里A war 是句子主语,是force 动作的执行者,是主动关系,用现在分词。
2.Seen from the top of this building, the whole city appears very beautiful.
这里the whole city是see动作的承受者,是被动关系,用过去分词。这样说是错误的:Seen from the top of this building, you will find the city is very beautiful.因为you 是see动作的执行者而不是承受者,应把Seen 改为Seeing.
3.Heard what the teacher explained, the children felt even more puzzled a lot.
这里children是puzzle动作的承受者,所以用过去分词。
用同样的方法教学生理解:分词作定语时,则看它所“定” 的名词和分词动作之间的关系,该名词是执行者,用现在分词;是承受者,用过去分词。分词作宾语补足语时,则看分词所“补足” 的宾语和分词之间的关系,该宾语是分词动作的执行者,用现在分词;是承受者,用过去分词。例如:
1. The passenger sitting in front of me has already got off the bus.(sitting in front of me 作定语,The passenger是动作执行者)
2. In fact, I didn’t know the men trapped in the building.(trapped in the building作定语,the men 是动作的承受者)
3. With his mother looking at him, the boy had to tell the truth.(looking at him 做宾语补足语,his mother是动作执行者)
过去分词练习范文5
一、动词不定式的省略
例1 The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police________.
A. not to do B. not to
C. not do D. do not
解析:答案为B,易误选A。考查动词不定式否定形式的省略。
例2 The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ________.
A. not to B. not to do
C. not do it D. do not to
解析:答案为A,易误选B。考查动词不定式否定形式的省略。
以上两道题,从试题内容到考点内容几乎是不谋而合地雷同,前者考查的是ask sb. not to do sth. 结构,后者考查的是tell sb. not to do sth.结构,重点考查的都是作宾语补足语的动词不定式否定形式的省略。
省略结构的不定式符号to与非省略形式不定式to do的区别在于:不定式符号to是用来代表前面所述整个动词不定式短语的,它主要用于答语中,若跟在like/love/try/want/hope/wish等动词或习语be able/used之后,则to不可省,也不可在to 之后再加do。如:
(1)We practise playing tennis more often than we used to.
我们比过去更常练习打网球。
(2)He was told that the money would have to be paid back, but he refused to.
他被告知必须还钱,但他拒绝这样做。
(3)However, his parents won’t allow him to train as much as he would like to.
然而,他的父母不会允许他随心所欲地训练。
以上句(1)中的used to,句(2)中的refused to和句(3)中的would like to其后均不可再加do。do也可用来代替前面已出现的动词,但do只可用来代替谓语动词,且谓语动词必须是主动语态。被动语态的谓语动词、be动词、情态动词、动名词、动词不定式均不可用do来代替。这就是与不定式符号to用来代替上文整个动词不定式(短语)的根本区别。如:
(4)A feather falls slower than a stone only because the air holds the feather back more than it does the stone.
羽毛落下的速度比石头慢只是因为空气对羽毛的阻力要比空气对石头的阻力大。
(5)I knew he would help us,and he did.
我知道他会帮助我们的,他确实也帮助了我们。
二、分词的省略
分词的省略主要表现在:
1.“从属连词+分词”结构中“主语+be动词”的省略
例3 Film has a much shorter history,especially when ________ such art forms as music and painting.
A. having compared to B. comparing to
C. compare to D. compared to
解析:答案为D。空格前省略了film is,由于compare与句中的主语构成被动关系,所以应该选择过去分词,即构成“连词when+过去分词”的省略结构。句意为“电影的历史较短,尤其是与音乐、绘画这类艺术形式比较起来时,更是如此”。
例4 Anyone,once ________ positive for H7N9 flu virus,will receive free medical treatment from our government.
A. to be tested B. being tested
C. tested D. to test
解析:答案为C。由“连词once+过去分词”构成分词的省略结构,作时间状语,谓语动词与句中主语构成被动关系,因此应用过去分词,省去了anyone is。句意为“任何人一旦检查出感染了H7N9病毒,将一律接受政府的免费治疗”。
例5 If ________ to look after luggage for someone else,inform the police at once.
A. asked B. to ask
C. asking D. having asked
解析:答案为A。由“连词if+过去分词”构成分词的省略结构,作条件状语,asked前省略了you are。句意为“如果有人要求你为别人照看行李的话,你要立即告知警察”。
从以上考题可以看出,如果动词与句中的主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系时,就可用“连词+过去分词”的省略结构,在句中作状语,类似的结构有:though surprised(尽管感到惊奇),unless invited(除非受到邀请),than expected(比原来想象的),as shown in the picture(如图所示),when not treated in time(如果没有及时治疗的话)等;当动词与句中主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系时,就应用“连词+现在分词”的省略结构。如:
Don’t reach sideways while standing on a ladder(while standing =while you are standing).
当站在梯子上的时候,你不要侧着身子去够东西。
2.“助动词+分词”结构中助动词的省略
例 6 Peter had intended to take a job in business,but ________ that plan after the unpleasant experience in Canada in 2010.
A. had abandoned B. abandoned
C. abandon D. will abandon
解析:答案为B。由并列连词and/or/but连接两个并列谓语时,如果谓语动词由“助动词+分词”构成,其第二个谓语中的助动词应省略,只用分词即可,因此不可选择A。句意为“皮特原本打算从事商业,但2010年在加拿大那次不愉快的经历之后,他放弃了那个打算”。“情态动词+非谓语动词”构成的省略结构也是如此。如:She could speak like anperson and sing like an angel when she was a child.(当她还是个孩子的时候,她讲起话来就像一个成年人一样,唱起歌来就像天使一样。)
三、动名词逻辑主语的省略
例7 The station master was so thankful to Edison for ________ his son that he decided to teach him railway telegraphy.
A. save B. his saving C. saving D. to save
解析:答案为C。如果作介词宾语用的动名词的逻辑主语已在句中其他地方有暗示时,该动名词的逻辑主语应省略。介词for前已指明saving的动作是由Edison发出的,因此不可选择B。
例8 It was no use ________ that I had not seen him, so I waved to him.
A. to pretending B. pretending
C. my pretending D. me pretending
解析:答案为B。no use 习惯于后接动名词,又由于该动名词的逻辑主语已从其后的主语从句中的主语“I”显现出来,所以不可选择C和D。
例9 Once your business becomes international,________ constantly will be part of your life.
A. you fly B. your flight C. flight D. flying
解析:答案为D。分析句子结构可知,主句中缺少主语。B、C、D项均可在句中作主语,但由于空格后有副词修饰,所以选D。动名词flying在句中作主语,由于flying的逻辑主语已在从句中有暗示,所以flying之前不用加your。
过去分词练习范文6
关键词: 英语学习 非谓语动词 语法教学
动词在英语中非常重要,人们几乎无时不与动词在打交道。一个句子中可以没有主语,但很少有句子没有动词而存在,有人把谓语比作英语句子的“心脏”,足见其重要性。由于动词有时态、体、语态的变化,因此,学生感到正确使用动词非常困难,特别是刚接触英语的初中学生,只要看到动词,不论它的位置如何,都在词尾加s,es,ed。为此,我给学生引入了非谓动词这个概念,简而言之,非谓语动词就是不能作谓语的动词,它有不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词几种形式。怎样让学生能区分并正确使用非谓语动词的各种形式,我总结出以下方法:
一、利用比较法进行教学
区别比较是英语教学中常见的方法,把相关的知识点联系起来进行比较分析,让学生更能清楚它们之间的区别。
(一)谓语动词与非谓语动词的区别。
谓语动词是只在句子中做谓语的动词,有时态、人称和数的变化,非谓语动词是句子中不作谓语的动词,有不定式、动名词、分词三种形式,不受主语、时间的限制。如
She likes to dance.
They like to dance.
谓语动词like受主语、人称、数的限制,它的形式与主语一致,前者为likes,后者为like,非限定动词to dance则不受这种限制。
(二)三种非谓语动词的易混淆的重叠用法比较。
把零散的内容系统化条理化,是非谓语动词教学不可缺少的一个步骤,因为非谓语动词的几种形式之间存在许多相同和差异,学生在学习过程中不可避免地出现或多或少的疑惑,不进行梳理,认识就不可能从广度上升到深度,就不可能充分自觉地运用它。所本文以把三种非谓语动词的几种学生容易混淆的重叠用法进行了比较。
1.不定式作主语与动名词作主语的用法比较
当一个抽象化了的动作,一般的行为具有泛指意味的时候都用动名词,而表示具体的或特指的某词动作特别是将来的动作都用不定式,如:
Somking is prohibited here.(泛指)
It isn’t good for you to smoke.(特指)
在时间概念上,动名词有反复多次的意思,常表示一个不受具体时间限制的事情,而不定式则多用来表示以后发生的事情,有将来的意思,如:
My favorite sport is swimming. (经常性)
My hope is to see you again.(将来)
2.不定式作宾语与动名词作宾语的比较
有些动词只能接动名词作宾语,有些动词只能按不定式作宾语,有些动词既可用不定式作宾语,又可用动名词作宾语,其中有些动词用不定式作宾语和用动名词作宾语意思相同或相近,而有的动词用不定式作宾语和用动名词作宾语意思则不同。
(1)有些动词只能接不定式:如:ask,pretend,want,decide,dare,hope,plan,afford,etc.如:
They decided to change their mind.他们决定改变主意。
I can’t afford to buy that book.我买不起那本书。
She wished to study.她渴望学习。
(2)常用只能用动名词作宾语的动词:finish,enjoy,mind,practise,avoid,suggest,etc.如:
I practise speaking English every day.我每天练习说英语。
Do you mind opening the window?你介意打开窗户吗?
(3)有些动词既可以跟动名词也可以跟不定式作宾语,如:begin,like,start,love,etc.
两者区别不是很大,动名词可表示的动作在意义上一般比较抽象,时间观念不强,不只某一次动作,动词不定式则常表示具体的动作,有将来的意思,如:
The boys like playing football.
这些男孩们喜欢踢足球。(经常性的动作)
Would you like to play football with us this Sunday?
这个周日愿意和我们一起踢足球吗?(指一次的动作)
(4)中学阶段常用带不定式或动名词作宾语而意义不同的动词。
①try to do sth.设法做某事,尽力做某事
try doing sth.试着做某事
He tried working out the problem himself.
他试着自己解这道数学题。
I must try to get there on time.
我必须设法按时到那儿。
②remember to do sth.记得去做某事(还没做)
remember doing sth.记得做过某事(已做过)
Remember to turn off the light when you leave the room.
你离开房间时记得关灯。(灯还未关)
I remember turning off the light,why is the light still on?
我记得关了灯的,为什么灯还亮着呢?
③forget to do sth.忘记要做某事(还没做)
forget doing sth.忘记做过某事(已做过)
He often forgets to close the window.
他总是忘记要关灯。
He forgot borrowing my dictionary.
他忘记借过我的字典了。
④stop to do sth.停止某事去做另一件事
stop doing sth.停止正在做的事
Though they were all tired,they wouldn’t stop working.
虽然他们都很累了,他们也不肯停止工作。
After walking a long time,he stopped to have a rest.
走了好长时间之后,他停下来休息。
⑤regret to do sth.对要做的事遗憾
regret doing sth.对做过的事遗憾
I regret to tell you that I won’t go with you.
我很遗憾地告诉你,我不能和你一起去。
He regretted saying that to her face.
他后悔当她面说那番话。
⑥mean to do sth.打算要做
mean doing sth.意味着
Missing the train means waiting for another hour.
误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时。
I mean to come early today.
我打算今天早些来。
3.现在分词作表语与过去分词作表语的区别
这也是中学生最容易混淆的知识点,由于现在分词和过去分词形式接近,只是词尾有所区别,像interesting,interested;exciting ,excited等常用词,学生总是分不清什么时候该用现在分词,什么时候该用过去分词。我从意义上分析了这两个词的用法:现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征,而过去分词多由及物动词变化而来,表示被动的意义,多用来描述人物的情感,表达外界事物对人所产生的影响。如:
The film is interesting. 电影很有趣。(电影本身特征)
I was interested in the film.我对电影感兴趣。(不是我有趣)
4.现在分词作定语与过去分词作定语的区别
这两类词时间关系上不同,现在分词所表示的动词往往正在进行,而过去分词所表示的动作往往已经完成。如:
developing country发展中国家
developed country发达国家
the changing world正在变化着的世界
the changed world已经起了变化的世界
the rising sun冉冉升起的太阳
the risen sun升起的太阳
boiling water正在开的水
boiled water开水
二、从词性及充当的成分入手进行非谓语动词教学
1.动词不定式,兼具动名词的词性,可相当于名词词性,可充当除谓语外的任何句子成分。如:
To see is to believe.(主语,表语)
He decided to try his best.(宾语)
He is said to be from Japan.(主补)
2.动名词,从字面意思上可得出结论,用法上相当于名词,在句子中充当主语、表语、宾语。
如:Seeing is believing.(主语,表语)
He likes watching .(宾语)
3.分词,包括现在分词和过去分词,它相当于形容词或副词,起修饰、强调说明的作用,常作表语、定语或状语。
如:China is a developing country.(定语)
The United states is a developed country.(定语)
三、利用多种方法进行训练
(一)充分与写作相结合。
单独的语法知识讲解不能内化为学生的知识,因此,应在反复接触和应用语法的过程中,培养学生探索、思考、创造的能力,“在用中学,在学中用”,而不是让学生死记硬背语法规则,每个语法项目的讲授和相关活动的最终环节都落实到写作上来不失为一种好方法。在学习了动词不定式后,我们进行了一场辩论赛,It’s good for students to take a part-time job.在整个过程中,教师精心设计活动细则,学生充分准备:大量阅读,收集资料;集体合作,商量对策;独立定稿,准备辩论。学生活动结束之后,重新将稿子整理好上交,再次将不定式运用于写作环节。
(二)有效和富有情趣的操练巩固。
单讲语法规则,这样的语法课是很枯燥的,我利用图片直观形象的特点,把图画运用到语法教学中去,学生兴趣昂然。学习了动名词后,我给学生们出示了几张图片,有做早操的,在太阳下看书的,躺在床上看书的,给出例句:Doing morning exercises is good for health.Reading in the sun is bad for eyes.学生很快就能运用了。
(三)使用信息卡,练习巩固。
学习了非谓语动词不定式和动名词后,我给学生提供了如下一张信息卡,要求他们用所学知识描述介绍自己或朋友的情况。有学生就介绍自己:My name is Li Ming,I am a middle school student,my wish is to be a pilot,and I like watching action movie.通过练习,很快掌握了这个知识点。
(四)以学生为主体,创设情境进行教学。
作为教师,应该清楚学生是学习的主人,教师只是学生活动的组织者、引导者、合作者。教师应根据新课程标准,根据学生的具体情况,对教材进行加工,在英语课堂语法教学中有创造地呈现出各种情境,让学生去观察、尝试、感受、总结、发现,可加深对知识的理解和运用。例如,在学习了“like doing sth.”句型后,为了学以致用,也为了活跃气氛,我让学生讲出自己或朋友喜欢做的事情,同时安排了各种各样的情境,如在校园、在家里、在公园等不同的场合,不同的人物,他们不同的爱好。当两个男生走上讲台声情并茂地朗诵诗歌时,其他学生纷纷举手要求上台表演各种动作,课堂一下子热闹起来,在一片欢笑中,学生熟练地掌握了这一知识。在学生表演时,我鼓励他们说英语,并带着表情伴以手势,要像演戏一样把生活中的交际情景引进课堂练习,这样不仅帮助学生加深巩固了所学语法知识,而且提高了学生学习英语语法的积极性,在班级形成英语语法学习的良好气氛。
语法教学方法多种多样,怎样让学生乐于学习,能灵活地运用,永远是教师们不懈努力追求的目标。
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