前言:中文期刊网精心挑选了benefit形容词范文供你参考和学习,希望我们的参考范文能激发你的文章创作灵感,欢迎阅读。
benefit形容词范文1
关键词:汉英互译 词类转换 翻译技巧
中图分类号:H315.9 文献标识码: A 文章编号:1672-1578(2012)01-0025-01
语言学家曾指出:“在一种语言中某些事物可以用动词表示,然而在另外一种语言中居然可以用形容词、副词表示”。英汉分属两个不同语系,译文带有外国腔的根本原因在于没有掌握词类转换及句子成分转换方法。比如英语中多名词,而汉语中多用动词等,因此,实际翻译时应采用词性转换,突破原句格局,使译文更加通顺,更符合目的语的表达习惯。例如:The earth acts like a big magnet,如果不运用转换法,可能会译为:地球象一块大磁铁发生作用。但如果采用词类转换,就该译为:地球的作用象一块大磁铁。后者将名词earth译为汉语中的形容词,动词act译成汉语的名词。两句译文孰优孰劣,自然明了。当然,在翻译时,并非每句都需要转换词类和句子成分,但实践证明,在实际翻译中多数情况下还是需要进行词性转换的。
1 汉语动词与英语名词的转换
汉语句子的最大特点是通过大量动词的集结和动词的频繁使用,来表达一个思想。往往一个短句中,集中应用了多个动词;英语则不然,英语中有很多情况都是运用抽象名词,抽象名词的使用是现代英语的一大特点,也是英汉两种语言的主要区别之一。因此,在翻译时,要注意两种语言的差异。例如:
(1)他们兴高采烈地庆祝赢得了比赛的胜利 They are wild with joy in the celebration of their winning the match;
(2)他被解雇了,这让我们大家都很惊讶 His dismissal was a great surprise to us all;
(3)学习一门外语是很辛苦的The study of a foreign language is not a cushy job;
(4)他酷爱汉语言文学 He is an ardent lover of Chinese literature。
同样,在英译汉时也要考虑到两种语言的具体特点,即,英语喜欢用抽象名词,而汉语则喜欢表达得比较具体,注意到这一点,我们往往在翻译时,就能做得比较合理。例如下面这些英语短语都可以运用较为具体的汉语进行对译:ardent loyalty 赤胆忠心;total exhaustion 筋疲力尽;perfect harmony 水融;feed on fances 画饼充饥; with great eagerness 如饥似渴;await with great anxiety 望穿秋水;make a little contribution 添砖加瓦;on the verge of destruction 危在旦夕,等等。
2 汉语动词与英语介词、副词的转换
英语句子的另一个特点是大量使用介词,相当于汉语中的动词。介词在英语词汇中所占比重很小,但是其使用频率较高,如应用得当,往往会起到凝练、传神的表达效果。
(1)因为生词太多,我理解不了这篇课文 With too many new words in it, the text is beyond me;
(2)比赛结果是3:1,我们球队赢了 The score was 3 to 1 in favor of our team;
(3)我经常开车接送妻子上下班 I often drive my wife to and from work.;
(4)经仔细研究,我们发现这个设计落后了 After careful investigation we found the design behind.
3 汉语动词与英语形容词的转换
汉语中的一些表知觉、欲望、情感、想法等心理状态的动词,常可转换为英语中的形容词(多为“be+形容词”结构)。例如:
(1)如果我们忽略这个事实,我们就不可能解决问题 If we were ignorant of the fact, it would be impossible for us to solve the problem.;
(2)若接受我方条款,请发电子邮件方便我方确认 If you find our terms are acceptable, please email us for our confirmation;
(3)这批货的实际重量与发票重量相差8吨 The actual weight of this consignment is 8 tons less than the invoiced weight;
(4)机器人一旦超过我们,就能自行设计了 Once the robots exceed us, they will be capable of their own design.
4 汉语形容词与英语名词的转换
汉语中的形容词常转换为英语的名词。例如:
(1)独立思考在学习中是绝对必要的 Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in learning;
(2)他对这部机器的操作是陌生的 He is a stranger to the operation of the machine;
(3)海边既安全又温暖,将有利于他养病 The security and warmth of the seaside will benefit his recovery;
(4)新的设计应该使地震频繁发生的城市更为安全 The new designs will offer greater security to cities where earthquakes often occur.
5 其它词性的转换
英汉互译时,还有很多词性上的转换,具体情况应根据翻译的需要以达到译文在目的语中的恰当与准确表达。请看下面例句:
(1)他当时并非情愿地当了一次翻译 He then acted as a reluctant interpreter.(副词转换为形容词);
(2)附近的建筑物大部分是现代化的 The buildings
around are mostly of modern construction(形容词转换为副词);
benefit形容词范文2
一、掌握各种时态的被动语态
动词的被动语态是由动词be加上过去分词构成,时态通过be表现出来。
1.―G308_______________. I must be off now.
―Have a nice trip.
A. is being announced B. has announced C. was announcingD. had been announced
解析根据“I must be off now”以及句意,表明G308高铁正在宣布,announce与G308之间表示动宾关系,所以用现在进行时的被动语态。故答案选A。
2.Nothing but some ancient Chinese coins ______________ in the sunken ship since they began the exploration.
A. were found B. has been found C. had been found D. have been found
解析此句是由since引导的时间状语,主句通常要用现在完成时态,又因为find和nothing之间构成动宾关系,所以用现在完成时的被动语态。故答案选B。
二、注意短语动词的被动语态
有些短语动词相当于及物动词,可以有被动语态,但短语动词是一个不可分隔的整体,变为被动语态时不可去掉构成短语动词中的介词或副词。
More attention should be paid_____________ Children’s education if possible.
A. to developingB. to developmentC. to develop D. for developing
解析pay attention to是及物的短语动词,本句强调名词attention,所以应用被动语态。to是介词,后应接动名词。故答案选A。
【注意】这类短语动词主要有:make use of; pay attention to; find fault with; make much of(重视,充分利用; take advantage of; take care of; take note of(注意,留意); take notice of等。
三、“get+及物动词的过去分词”构成的被动语态
这种结构一般指动作的结果而非动作本身,常表示“状态的改变”。
Had it not been for the fact that she______________ in the leg, she might have passed the exam.
A. injures B. had injured C. got injuredD. would have got injured
解析根据“she might have passed the exam”提示可知事情发生在过去,且是事实,所以用一般过去时;“get+及物动词的过去分词”这一结构常表示“状态的改变”。故答案选C。
四、用主动形式表示被动意义
1.表示状态特征的系动词look, feel, taste, sound, smell, prove, seem, appear常接形容词或名词作表语,只能用主动形式表示被动的含义。
The cause he had devoted himself to_____________ a perfect success
A. proving B. proved C. was proved D. has been proved
解析根据句法,“he had devoted himself to”是个定语从句,修饰前面的名词cause,所以prove应在句中用作谓语动词;prove是系动词,只能用主动形式表示被动的含义。故答案选B。
2.表示主语的某种属性特征的动词(如:read, write, sell, open, shut, begin, wash, wear, cut, lock, pack, act, draw, iron, dry, eat , heat , clean等)常与副词well, smoothly, easily等连用时,说明主语内在的“性能”和“特点”,应用主动形式表示被动的含义。
Mobile phones of this kind_______________ well and ______________ already.
A. sell; sell outB. sell; have been sold out
C. sold; had sold outD. are sold; have been sold out
解析这种手机很好卖是说明主语内在的性能与特点,所以用主动形式表示被动含义;而句子的主语是Mobile phones,谓语动词应用复数形式。正因为这种手机很好卖,对现在产生了结果,已经卖完了,所以第二空用现在完成时的被动语态。故答案选B。
3.need, want, require, stand, bear, deserve等词后面常接主动的-ing分词形式表示被动意义。
As a result of the serious earthquake, almost all the buildings in the area _____
A. need reconstructing B. needs to reconstruct C. needs reconstructingD. need to reconstruct
解析当句子的主语buildings是动作承受者时,need后接动词-ing形式或者后接不定式的被动式。主语是almost all the buildings,所以谓语动词应用复数形式。故答案选A。
4.动词不定式在某些作表语的形容词后,用主动形式表示被动含义。
当动词不定式作表语形容词(easy, difficult, hard , comfortable等)的状语,又与句子的主语构成动宾关系时,动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
In many people’s opinion, that company, though relatively small, is pleasant _______.
A. to deal withB. dealing withC. to be dealt withD. dealt with
解析在某些形容词后常用不定式的主动形式表被动含义,此时,不定式动作和句子的主语存在动宾关系。故答案选A。
5.当动词不定式作宾语补足语的形容词(easy, difficult, hard等)的状语,又与句子的宾语构成动宾关系时,动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
We find the man hard to_______________.
A. to be pleased B. pleasing C. pleased D. please
解析当动词不定式作宾语补足语的形容词hard的状语,又与句子的宾语构成动宾关系时,动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。故答案选D。
6.不定式作名词或代词的后置定语, 动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义
If there’s a lot of work_____________. I'm happy to just keep on until it is finished.
A. to do B. to be doing C. done D. doing
解析用不定式表示将要做的事情,并且在there be句型中,如果be 后面的sth.要跟上不定式,要用主动形式表示被动含义,故答案选A。
7.在be worth doing结构中,用-ing分词形式表示被动含义
―What do you think of the song?
―Oh, excellent. It’s well worth______________ a second time.
A. to listen toB. listeningC. listening toD. being listening to
解析be worth后接动名词,并要用主动形式表示被动含义,it指代the song,作listen to的逻辑宾语。故答案选C。
8.不能用被动语态的动词及动词短语。如:cost, fit, suit, benefit, lack, happen to do sth, lastspread, belong to, break out, run out, go out, shut off, take place, work out, take place, lose heart, consist of。
We find the oil in the car_____________.
A. has been run out B. is run out C. has run out D. being run out
解析run out是不及物动词,所以用主动形式表示被动含义;表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响,所以本句又要用现在完成时。故答案选C。
9.不定式to let, to seek, to blame (应受责备), to decide on用主动形式表示被动含义。
The greenhouse effect was partly_____________ for the global warming and the temperature changes are likely to have great effect on the spread of diseases.
A. to blame B. blame C. to be blamed D. blaming
解析“be to blame”表示按职责、义务要求要发生的动作,意为“应受谴责、应负责任”, 用主动形式表示被动含义。故答案选A。
巩固性练习:从A、B、C、D中选择最佳答案。
1.The 30th Olympic Games__________ in London from July 27 to August 12, 2012.
A. will be heldB. will be holdingC. are to held D. will hold
2.Many new workers ___trained and in half a year they _to build a new railway.
A. are being; will be sentB. are; will be sendingC. are; will send D. will be; will be sent
3.Not until he called the secretary three times_____________ that the manager went to an important meeting.
A. did he tell B. he toldC. was he toldD. he was told
4.The 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015) said a system___________to protect people's secrets on line.
A. would be developedB. has been developed C. was developedD. had been developed
5.I _______________ a book on fashion at the moment, and it_______ _______in the book that Europeans started to wear top hats in the early 1800s
A. read; is said B. am reading; is saying C. was reading; was saying D. am reading; says
6.It is reported in the papers that the old coins________________ under the earth for about 200 years by the time they were discovered.
A. had buried B. had been buried C. buried D. were buried
7.New technology_______________ to make sure that the cars, taxis, buses and trains we use______________ the air.
A. is used; not pollute B. has used; is not polluted
C. is being used; do not pollute D. has been used; to pollute
8.With the help of high technology, more than one oil fields_____________ in the last two decades.
A. were discovered B. have discoveredC. have been discoveredD. has been discovered
9.Many negative changes__________ in my home town since the global financial crisis_________.
A. have taken place; broke out B. took place; broke out
C. have been taken place; breaks outD. were taken place; breaks out
10.The fallen tree over there is so tall that I suppose it___________ nearly twenty meters.
benefit形容词范文3
关键词: 英语报刊 新闻 词汇特点
报刊新闻是常见的实用文体之一。它用概括性的叙述方式,简明扼要的文字,迅速及时地报道国内外具有新闻价值的新近发生的事实。英语报刊新闻,顾名思义,即以报刊作为载体形式的英语新闻。随着不同文化之间的交流日益增多,英语报刊新闻在人们的交流中起着越来越重要的作用。它们语言鲜活、内容新颖、资料丰富、时代感强,兼有“工具性”和“人文性”的特点,有很高的语言和文化教学价值。对于英语学习者来说,其一定程度上弥补了英语教科书内容传统和形式单一的不足。英语报刊新闻具有很多特点,本文将针对词汇方面的特点加以详细阐述,希望为英语报刊新闻阅读者和英语学习者提供帮助。
1.指代
在英语报刊中,会借用各国首都等地名、著名建筑物名称及政府首脑姓名,替代该国或其政府及机构;有时借用物名来表示某个意思,使新闻报道更活泼、更富有色彩,这是新闻的独创。例如:
(1)And while all the noise coming from“hawks”and“doves”could give you a case of Fed fatigue.(CNN Money,April 12,2012).本例中的“hawks”and“doves”即“鹰派”和“鸽派”指代美国国内存在的两种主要势力,前者激进,后者保守。
(2)Labour backs calls to return railway network to public control(guardian.co.uk,June 30,2012).本例中,Labour(劳动力)指英国工党(Labour Party)。
2.“说”词众多
在英语报刊新闻中,除了使用say表示“说”外,还有其他词语。例如:admit,acknowledge,affirm,analyze,announce,argue,assert,claim,imply,insist,maintain,note,caution,stress,urge,warn等。这些词虽然在表示“说”这个总的概念方面是一致的,但是在语义、情感和文体等方面存在一定的差异。例如:
(1)Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke has cautioned that the economy is growing too slowly to maintain recent declines in the unemployment rate.He has warned that hiring is likely to slow(Associated Press,April 12,2012).
(2)She stressed many of Bernanke’s recent points:the job market remains“far from full employment”.Yellen even hinted that if the economy were to take a turn for the worse(CNN Money,April 12,2012).
3.使用新词
较多使用新词是英语新闻的一大特点。新词主要的特征就是新,来源广泛,如:Google(使用搜索引擎查询、收集信息等),cyber romance(网恋)等新词。语言学家认为,现代英语词汇的变化在很大程度上与新闻语言的影响有关。例如:
(1)So would switching from beef and pork,which have a high carbon foot print,to chicken or fish(guardian.co.uk,April 13,2012).近年来,人们越来越意识到减少碳排放对防止全球变暖的重要影响,新词carbon foot print(碳足迹)随之产生,用以衡量人类活动对环境的影响。
(2)But she’s not interested in paying for cellular service,which would probably be costlier than the $12 a month(The Washington Post,April 13,2012).手机,又称蜂窝电话或移动电话,是一种十分普及的通讯方式。电信公司纷纷为用户提供移动电话服务,cellular service这一新词应运而生,并且已经为人们所熟知。新词的使用分为以下几种情况:
3.1旧词生新义
旧词衍生新义是现代英语词汇变化的一个重要方面,是指赋予原本存在的词语新的词义,从而满足日益增长的表达需要的一种构词手段。根据单词新义与其原义之间的关系,旧词生新义有以下几种情况:词义扩大、词义缩小、词义转化、词义感彩的扬升或贬抑[1]。
(1)General Motors pulls funding from climate sceptic thinktank Heartland(guardian.co.uk,March 30,2012).Think(思考)和tank(箱,柜)两个词构成新词――智囊团,智囊机构或顾问班子。
(2)Workers are required to wear clean suits would look like the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory(Fortune,March 29,2012)、“Triangle Shirtwaist Factory”是纽约三角内衣工厂。1911年3月的火灾,导致146名服装工人被烧死或因被迫跳楼致死,因为当时管理人员为了防止一些工人趁换班时溜出去休息抽烟,将通向楼梯井和出口的门全部上锁。这场火灾敦促了立法――要求改善工厂安全标准,并且促进了国际妇女服装工人联合会的发展。在这则新闻中,是指富士康的工厂违法了众多劳动法的规定,在员工健康和安全等方面存在众多隐患。
3.2新事生新词
(1)Meredith Alexander quit as a commissioner of the London 2012 sustainability watchdog to launch the Greenwash Gold campaign(guardian.co.uk,April 19,2012).漂绿(Greenwash),由“绿色”(green,象征环保)和“漂白”(whitewash)合成的一个新词,指一家企业宣称保护环境,实际上却反其道而行,是一种虚假的环保宣传。
(2)Earth Hour-climate change campaigners urge global switch-off(guardian.co.uk,March 26,2012).Earth(地球)和hour(小时)两个词――“地球1小时”,是世界自然基金会在2007年向全球发出的一项倡议:在每年3月份的最后一个星期六熄灯1小时,支持全球共同抵御气候变暖行动。
3.3旧词生新词
旧词生新词通常带有某些前缀,如:anti-(反对、阻止),cyber-(网络的),geo-(地球的、全球的),hyper-(超出、过度),pro(亲、赞成)等,或者带有某些后缀,如:-free(无……的、免除……的),-ologist(……学者、学家)等。例如:
Albanese said:We have rigorous standards for air quality,ecosystems,biodiversity,climate change,the use of energy,land and water and waste disposal(guardian.co.uk,April 19,2012).“biodiversity”与“biological diversity”的意思是互通的,开始该词泛指地球上所有动物、植物、真菌及微生物之物等。该词于1986年首次出现,将“biological diversity”这一词缩写成一个更简单的名词。
4.模糊词的使用
外延难以明确界定的词或词组通常被称为模糊词(fuzzy terms)。为了使报道遵循真实、客观快捷的原则,为了省时或避免报道数字的不确切,就需要使用模糊语中的约数词、模糊量词等报道有关新闻事件的程度[2]。例如:
(1)After steadily declining since last fall,applications have leveled off in recent weeks.The four-week average is essentially unchanged over the past two months(Associated Press,April 12,2012).
(2)New research from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York shows that Americans 60 and older still owe about $36 billion in student loans,providing a rare window into the dynamics of student debt.More than 10 percent of those loans are delinquent(The Washington Post,March 30,2012).
5.使用形象化词语
在报刊新闻中,为使主要事实更醒目,恰到好处地使用动词、名词和形容词,能增强报道的新鲜感、现实感和直接感。例如:
(1)In Sweden’s second-largest city,Goteborg, the main boulevard was bathed in an hour’s darkness.(动词)(The Associated Press,April 1,2012).“bathe”一词意为suffuse with or as if with light,借助该动词形容林荫大道陷入一小时黑暗的情景,既形象立体化,又含义深刻。
(2)The Labor Department said Thursday that weekly unemployment benefit applications jumped 13,000 to a seasonally adjusted 380,000(Associated Press,April 12,2012).Jump一词意为increase suddenly and significantly,借助该动词说明美国申领失业救济的人数猛增,使新闻报道更加生动。
(3)Unemployment rose in most of the member states,although the increase was muted in the north,and the number of jobless people actually fell in Germany.In the struggling southern states,it shot up(形容词)(guardian.co.uk,April 2,2012).Struggling一词意为engaged in a struggle to overcome especially poverty or obscurity,借助该形容词说明美国申领失业救济的人数猛增,使新闻报道更加生动。
以上只是从词汇角度论述了英语报刊新闻的特点,了解这些特点对于阅读和理解英语报刊新闻会起到一定的辅助作用。要想真正克服理解上的困难,还需要了解英语报刊新闻的语法和篇章特点,以及标题和导语的特点。同时,由于新闻内容涉及社会生活的各个方面,还需不断扩大知识面。因此,在英语报刊新闻的教学中,教师要引导学生拓宽视野,丰富背景知识,同时关注英语报刊新闻的词汇、语法和篇章特点,这样才能真正理解英语报刊新闻,真正提高英语阅读能力和综合应用能力。
参考文献:
benefit形容词范文4
[Key Words] advertising English; fuzziness; semantic and rhetorical analysis
【摘 要】 广告业被认为是一条通过耗尽人类智慧赚取钱财的科学之道。很明显,广告在今天的商业世界已发挥着举足轻重的作用。广告语言能否具有诱惑力和说服力已成为关注的焦点。因此对英语广告语言系统、全面地研究,可以提高对广告的理解,构想出成功的英语广告。论文在简短地对广告,广告语言,模糊性和模糊理论进行介绍之后,主要对以下两种模糊实现形式进行分析。一、语义模糊。这一类广告通过使用模糊限制词、模糊数量词、模糊动词、修饰性形容词以及符号和缩略语等具备模糊性的语言来突破日常行为的规范,使词语在表达字面意义的同时又暗示其多重含义,形成词语含义的未定性,激发了读者的联想和想象,吸引他们的注意并提起他们的兴趣,从而对广告本身的说服力起增强作用。二、修辞格(双关、暗喻、委婉语)的使用,使广告语言更具生动,引发读者无限的想象和联想。最后结论部分中,论文对主要概念和内容做出了总结,提出了全文的局限性。
【关键字】 广告英语;模糊性;语义和修辞分析
1. Introduction
With the rapid development of the world economy and globalization, advertising has played a vital role in promoting sales, providing services and building images. Based on the fact that China remains lagging behind the west in both physical attraction and persuasiveness in advertising, thorough and theoretical studies on the language of advertising have become an urgent need.
In our daily life, fuzzy language has been employed in communication on various occasions’ negotiation and public speaking. Though many linguists have been exploring fuzzy theory and fuzzy linguistics heavily, the understanding of fuzziness hasn’t been satisfactory and perfect. As a not well-established register, advertising English has its unique features compared with English for other purposes. Fuzziness function in advertising English plays a positive role in human communication.
Through linguistic realizations of fuzziness in advertising English from semantic angle to rhetorical devices in the text, the purpose of the paper is to make people equip with a better manipulation of fuzzy advertising, so as to prepare them for producing more successful advertisements, then arousing people’s interest in ads, stimulating people’s needs of consumption, and enticing people to make purchase in products.
2. General ideas of advertising and its language
What is advertising? What does advertising originate from? Why does it come into being? What is its language like? The following is going to explain them.
2.1 The definition and development of advertising
In etymological studies, the word “advertise” in Middle English is spelt as “advertisen” meaning “to notify” and in old French as “advertir” or “advertises”. We find two records have the same explanation of “to notice”. Further studies rooted out its origin in Latin as “advertere”, meaning “a means used to draw attention from the public to something and lead them to some direction”. [1] Nowadays, the scholars from different countries hold different opinions about the explanation of advertising, but remaining the similar meaning basically. An explanation is widely accepted by American Marketing Association as following:
Advertising is the nonpersonal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature, about products, services or ideas through the various media. [2]
It is not difficult for us to find out four components of advertising from the explanation above.
First, advertising is directed to the general public rather than individuals.
Second, the information conveyed by advertising can be commercial or non-commercial. (Commercial advertising seeks profits, while noncommercial advertising sponsored by government or nonprofit organizations is used to publicize the organization, seek donations or call for some actions beneficial to society.)
Third, advertising reaches us through a channel of communication referred to as a medium, such as: TV, radio, newspapers, magazines and so on.
Fourth, any advertising is launched by identified sponsors or organizations with a given purpose, either commercial advertising or public interests advertising.
Indeed, advertising is the result of high degree of development of commodity economy. In order to make their goods sell well, tradesman and merchants tried every means to trigger the consumers to buy their products. Henry Sampson described the beginning of advertising in his work History of Advertising as below:
There is little about that the desire among tradesmen and merchants to make good their wares have an existence almost as long as the customs of buying and selling, and it is but natured to suppose that advertisements in some shape or form have existed not only from time immemorial, but almost for all time. [3]
Until now, with the rapid development of the world economy and the acceleration of globalization process, advertising has played a very important role in today’s business world. Advertising, with its persuasive function and taking action function, helps a business to create the products and corporate identities, not only realize the development of the business, but also increase the value of its goodwill, and win the confidence of the consumers.
2.2 Features of advertising language
Since the advertising aims at drawing attention from the public and leading them to some direction, and thus the language of advertising is language that is used in efforts to persuade or otherwise entice people to purchase products or services. Toffler in his Future Shock approaches the language of advertising as a language of finely engineered, ruthlessly, purposeful messages, intending to trigger a special response from the consumers. This point of view is echoed by linguist Peter Trudgill, who said, “The wording of advertisements is, in most cases, carefully crafted to meet particular ends. Sometimes it is intended to inform, but more often, and more importantly, to persuade and influence.” [4] David Ogilvy also said, “Every word in the copy must count, advertise what is unique.” [5]
In other words, the ultimate goal of advertising is to sell. Thus, advertisements must be presented with a type of language that is persuasive in nature, concise, vivid, visual, and with emotion and appeal, that is, the language of advertising conveys the most complicated meaning with the simplest language and is loaded with persuasive intentions for sales promotion or other purposes.
Look at an example: “Romantic, Mysterious, Italian”. Three adjectives are put together, concise and sprightly, giving expression to deep connotation. Another example “Big thrills, Small bills”. This is an advertisement sponsored by the taxi center. Anyone enjoys the excitement to the largest extent as long as paying the less money. The word “big” stands in total contrast to the word “small”, the end syllable of the word “thrills’ and “bills” remains same, which creates a sense of rhythm. The cases below also explain the ideas above well.
(1) Look again. A lifetime of perfect coordination. (CUSTOM EYES from Revlon)
(2) Let the New York Times find you.
benefit形容词范文5
FAB看似“入门级”,但越简单的技巧其实越难用。一旦用好了,杀伤力巨大。当年萧峰萧大侠在聚贤庄一套太祖长拳打得天下英雄俯首,就是这个理。一个简单的技巧能否发挥出巨大威力,关键取决于你对它的理解。假设一个顾客要买台投影仪,你会怎么给他推介产品?
方式1:功能介绍法
“你好,先生,我向你推荐一下这台投影仪,它重1.5公斤,银白色的外壳,灯泡设计使用寿命3000小时,灯泡功率6000瓦,SHARP的品牌。”
这个介绍怎么样?有没有很欠揍的感觉?这样介绍产品,基本就不要想卖出东西了。这就是功能介绍法,我把想说的功能都说了,但是没效果。
方式2:功能优势介绍法
“你好,先生,我向你推荐一下这台投影仪,它重1.5公斤,非常轻盈;银白色的外壳,是目前投影仪里最时尚的流行色;灯泡设计使用寿命3000小时,经久耐用,比普通灯泡寿命长1/3;灯泡功率6000瓦,投出的字体非常清晰;SHARP的品牌,绝对的名牌。”
是不是比第一次好点了?这也是大部分人介绍产品的方法,好像过得去,又好像少点什么,像是炒菜没放盐。这次介绍把功能和优势都说了,但还是没滋味。
方式3:FAB介绍法
好了,再看看第三种方式,不过,这里有个前提:介绍之前,需要了解一下客户的需求,所有的介绍都针对需求展开。
“你好,先生,根据你刚才说的情况,我向你介绍一下这台投影仪:
它重1.5公斤,非常轻盈。你刚才说,它会固定在会议室的天花板上,如果过重,时间久了,很容易坠毁,现在不用担心了。还有,如果你偶尔摘下来使用,比如公司开年会、市场活动或者到外地投标,一个小女孩一只手就可以把它拿下来,放到包里就带走了;
再看它银白色的外壳,这是目前投影仪里最时尚的流行色。你刚才说你的天花板是白色的,挂上这个投影仪以后,能够和墙面浑然一体,不会破坏整体装修效果,不注意甚至很难发现有个投影仪挂在那里。如果是黑色会怎么样?大家一进会议室,第一眼就会看到一个不和谐的黑家伙摆在那里,很刺眼;
灯泡设计使用寿命3000小时,经久耐用,比普通灯泡寿命长1/3。投影仪最值钱的部件就是这个灯泡了,一旦坏了,材料费、维修费、耽误的时间、耽误事情的成本这些都是损失,所以,如果算算细账,我们真的是一个灯泡顶人家两个用;
灯泡功率6000瓦,投出的字体非常清晰。你刚才说你的会议室能容纳100人,这款投影仪13号的字体投影出来,坐在最后一排的人可以看得清清楚楚。试想一下:如果在最后一排的人看不清楚会怎么样?是不是向前跑?这一跑,整个会议也就别开了,全乱套了,大家都会抱怨你买的这是什么玩意啊;
SHARP的品牌,绝对的名牌。如果你买个杂牌子,一旦坏了,你会发现找不到维修点;好容易找到了,又没配件;好容易等了一个月有配件了,又死贵,都够再买一台投影仪了。现在你不用担心这些事,在任何一个城市都有维修点、配件通用、价格便宜。这就是名牌的价值。”
怎么样?是不是比第二次又好多了?这就是完整的FAB介绍法。大家之所以觉得好,原因在于在这次介绍中,突出了客户的利益,这是客户真正要买的东西。客户不要功能,不要优势,他要的就是利益。
FAB的前提
在介绍产品、介绍方案、介绍公司、介绍服务时,都可以用到FAB。就像武术中那一招黑虎掏心一样,是个打把式卖艺的似乎都会FAB。它还有很多别名,如SAB、FABE、TFBR等等,但万变不离其宗。
所谓“F”(Features),即描述产品或服务的性能及“功能”。如汽车的颜色是红的,笔记本的重量是1.5公斤,灯泡有照明功能等等。如果描述的是方案,这里可以改S(Solutions)。
所谓“A”(Advantage),即描述产品或服务的功能所带来的“优势”。比如,红色很时尚,1.5公斤很轻便等等。
所谓“B”(Benefit),即描述“优势”给客户带来的“利益”。比如,时尚可以让你看起来像个成功人士,可以出去坑蒙拐骗;轻便可以让你扛着不那么累等等。
要用好FAB,有个前提:在用之前必须了解客户真正的需求。否则,最好不要去用,很容易鸡同鸭讲。如果客户家的天花板是黑的,你不就麻烦了?有了需求,才能知道自己的哪个功能对应哪个需求,也才能把自己的功能FAB化。
这是FAB最简单的应用,也是我十几年前刚知道FAB时的理解方式,普通产品销售也就差不多够用了。
高手如何用好FAB?
针对F
描述产品(方案、服务、公司)的功能一定要具体,不能笼统。比如,要说“用了一种聚乙烯防水材料”,而不是说“我们用了一种新材料”。
但是,“具体”不代表可以唆,因为大部分客户都不懂聚乙烯材料,所以你就不要再去“唆”聚乙烯材料是怎么做出来的等等。客户要知道的是现在几点了,而不是手表是如何做出来的。当然,完全不说聚乙烯材料也不行,因为这是一种证据,为了证明下面的优势(A)。缺了这一环,信任往往不容易建立。
举例:这种剃须刀采用了一种新型的刀片,这种刀片有三部分组成,刀架、刀身、刀头;三个刀片组成一个螺旋式的架构,剃须时可以与脸部表面的契合点形成一个平面。
针对A
对于优势部分的表述,很多人都和上面案例中一样,喜欢说一大堆的形容词,比如更快、更好、效率更高之类的话。对此部分的理解,还应该强调以下几点:
1.A不是针对东西的(产品、公司、服务这些都是东西),它是针对人(客户)的;而F是针对东西的。这是两者的分界线;
2.A描述的是:你的东西是如何帮助客户的,解决了他哪些方面的问题,其实就是一个客户如何使用你的产品解决问题的描述。所以,单纯的形容词已经远远不够了;
3.要解释清楚A是如何满足客户的任务动机的。任务动机就是具有逻辑性、功能性和实用性的购买动机。这句话说得很难懂,简单地说,就是客户买这东西是干吗用的。买螺丝刀子就是为了上螺丝,买切菜刀就是为了做饭。A就是要说清楚螺丝刀是如何上螺丝的。
举例:
“(剃须刀)这种特别设计的结构,可以让你(这里开始说人了)紧贴皮肤的表层,毫无缝隙。当你慢慢推动剃须刀时,很容易深层次地剃掉胡须,不留残渣。”
针对B
利益有两种描绘方式:
一是满足任务动机后所带来的好处或避免的风险,如减少成本、增加利润、提高效率、增加产量等。注意,A说的是如何满足,而B说的是满足后带来的利益。这个都可以归结为“钱”的因素;
二是需求得到满足后给客户带来的感觉。这是心理层面的意义,和钱关系不大。
benefit形容词范文6
关键词:词典 语法功能 语境
词汇是语言体系中结构和意义的统一体,是语言的主要的基本单位。没有建筑材料就不能盖房子,同样,没有词汇的交际也是不可想象的。我国英语学习者,尤其是职业院校英语学习者,虽然非常重视英语词汇学习,但词汇一直是他们的难项和弱项。
下面笔者根据理论并结合自己的教学实践,主要从如何利用词典、重视词的语法功能、在阅读中学习词汇等方面介绍高职学生词汇学习的方法:
一.把词典当成走向自主学习的通行证
在高职学习阶段,学生英语学习的主要目标之一就是在老师的帮助下,形成独立的自学能力。因此,英语词典就显得尤其重要。
学生如果不借助于词典,培养一定的自学能力是难以学好的。那么,我们如何去有效地使用词典学习词汇呢?建议同学们在打开词典之前,不妨从以下几个步骤着手:
1.思考一下含生词的句子,在不知道该词意思的情况下,我们对该句子还能理解多少?
2.观察该生词,它属于哪种词性?名词?动词?亦或是形容词?
3.考虑一下该词在句子中那种词性的可能的涵义。如果是一个名词,它也许表示某物?某人?还是某种观念?是好事还是坏事?
比如,假设在阅读中你不认识句子中的reword,“One of the rewords that space travelers receive is the beautiful view of the planet on which we live.”当你对这个句子思考之后,你会知道此处reword应是一个名词。因为它在定冠词the之后。由此句又得知reword是一个可接收的事物,而且一定是个好的事物。因为这里的beautiful view被称作reword。
经过这番思考,你一定猜出个七不离八了,当你这样对整个句子经过认真思考后,你也许会觉得已经没有必要再查找这个生词了。如果该词是一个常用的基本词汇,那么,在下文中一定还会出现,当它再次出现时,你对其涵义的理解也一定会越来越清楚。当你还不能确定它的意思,打开词典结合句子的内容和词典中的例句“He will respect some reword after working so hard.”从众多词条中挑选一个,就显得很容易了。
二.关注词典中词汇的多个语法功能的现象
有意识地注意到英语词汇在不同句子中具有不同的语法功能,同样有助于扩大我们的词汇量。举个简单的例子:hand,它不仅可以当名词来使用,如:left hand,right hand 还可以用作动词:Please hand me your notebook。在英语语言学上称之为“功能切换(functional shift)”因此,我们应该留意英语的这一特征。通常用作名词的词,有时也用作动词,如:hand,face.再如:“This is one of the benefits which result from space travel.”显然,几个黑体字benefits, space, travel在这里是名词,在其它语境中它们也可用作动词:“to benefit from something, to space words on a page, to travel somewhere ”而例句中的result在这里是一个动词,但在其它语境中通常当名词来使用。因此,我们应经常思考这样的问题,哪些词汇在这里是名词,在不改变词形的情况下,在别的语境中又当作动词来使用?例如:“That’s my hope.”和“I hope so.”
当然,英语也象其它语言一样,具有词尾的变化,不同的词尾标志着不同的语法功能。学过了allow, accept, appear,就应该了解allowance,acceptance,appearance, 等后缀为-ance的相应的名词,以后有机会时再总结象:encourage, enjoy, announce,与 encouragement, enjoyment, announcement;connect, inspect,combine, repeat 与connection,inspection,combination,repetition后缀为-ment,-tion之间的关系。这样做无疑会扩大我们的词汇量。
三.借助词典在阅读中根据语境学习词汇