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词汇分类范文1
【关键词】词汇 词汇教学 词的文化内涵 词的构词法 词的同义性
词汇是语言的建筑材料。无论多么动人的描述,多么优美的句子,都离不开一个一个的词。正如英国语言学家D. A. Wilkins 所说:“没有语法,人们可表达的东西寥寥无几,而没有词汇则什么也表达不了。”( without grammar, little can be conveyed; without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed.)由此可见,英语词汇的学习在英语语言的学习中的重要性是毋庸置疑的。但是长期以来,对词汇教学的探讨仍是一个薄弱的环节。传统教学法在英语课堂教学中根深蒂固,课堂成了教师给学生机械地灌输语言知识的场所。就词汇教学而言,仍存在孤立、呆板、枯燥,讲得太多、太细、太碎的现象,学生记下了一堆互不联系的词义和用法,却不知道如何在听、说、读、写的言语实践中用正确的单词来表达他们想要表达的意思。从而导致学生失去对词汇学习的兴趣。因此,教师在进行词汇教学时,要根据具体的教学对象的特点来确定词汇的数量、要点、详细程度进行针对性地讲解。笔者在平时词汇教学实践中作过一些思考和尝试,这里拟就大学英语词汇的分类教学,谈谈我个人的看法。
1 词的文化内涵的教学
词的文化内涵是指词在不同文化中承载的内涵意义和文化意义的总合。Peter Trudgill 在《社会语言学》一书中指出:社会文化的差别主要体现于所用语言的词中。在不同的语言中由于文化背景因素的影响,相同的词语所表示的概念和内涵意义在很多情况下是不相同的。例如:龙(dragon),是中华民族的象征,它代表一种气势磅礴的民族精神。中国人历来把它视为权力、力量、吉祥的象征,因而有“龙凤呈祥”、“龙腾虎跃”、“望子成龙”的表达。而在英语文化中,“龙”是一种恐怖、凶残的怪物和“凶猛”或“邪恶”联系在一起。又如:“white”一词,在西方人心目中,白色是纯真、纯洁、诚实和快乐的象征,婴儿洗礼时,新娘在婚礼仪式上,总是身着白色。英语里有这样的表达:days marked with a white shone(幸福的日子);white wedding(新娘穿白衣服的婚礼); white soul(纯洁的心灵),在汉语里,中国人的传统丧服为白色,有时还用于贬义。例如:白日做梦、白狗子、白痴。因此,在词汇教学中,教师应重视词语教学的文化内涵,把词语中内含的文化背景知识和词汇本身的讲授联系起来,这样学生才能从词汇中了解和掌握语言中的文化内涵,深入了解所学语言国家的历史文化和生活习俗。
2 词的构词法的教学
英语的构词法主要有三种,即派生、合成和转化。1.派生:由词根加前缀或后缀构成另一个词。词根在一个单词中占主导地位,词根的含义表示整个词的基本含义。利用构词法中派生词的规则(词根(base)+前缀(prefix)或后缀(suffix)可猜出词的意思。例如:portable(便于携带的,可转移的)是由词根port(携带、搬、运送)加上形容词的后缀 -able构成。由port组成的词还有porter(搬运工),transport(运输、运送)等等;由tele词根(远、远距离、电讯)可以组成telescope(望远镜),teleconsultation(远程会诊),telecontrol(遥控),telecourse(电视课程)。2. 合成:由两个或更多的词合成一个新词。通过这种方法可以合成名词、动词、形容词、副词如:fingernail,teapot; undergo, underline; long-term, snowwhite; warm-heartedly, narrow-mindedly.3. 转化:在词本身不发生变化的情况下,而将词由一个词类转化为另一词类。如:house n.(房子,住宅)转化成house v.(给…房子住,住),shoulder n.(肩,肩膀)转化为shoulder v.(肩起,挑起,承担),map n.(地图,图) 转化为map v.(绘制…的地图,在地图上标出)。
因此,如果掌握了英语构词的一般规律,就能由此及彼,化不知为知,使有限的词汇知识转化为无限的生成单词的能力。这样,词汇学习就由简单的记诵活动发展为复杂的总体心理活动。通过构词法的学习,词汇教学中的兴趣问题,遗忘问题也会随之得到解决。
3 词的同义性的教学
同义词就是指一些表达同一概念,但是彼此有细微的语义差别或者有不同文体色彩的词。他们的含义看来差别不大,有些甚至可以互用;但严格说来,在多种意义上和用法上是完全不相同的。例如:poor, penniless, poverty-stricken三个词均可译为“穷”,但是它们在内涵上各有侧重点:poor:指长期过着贫困生活的。penniless:一贫如洗,身无分文。指某种特殊原因引起的,是暂时性的,不是长期处于贫困状态。Poverty-stricken:贫困潦倒,指极度贫困。请看以下例句:
(1)He was a student then, and very poor.
那时他是个学生,很清贫。
(2)The banks are all shut so I’m penniless till the morning.
银行都关门了,所以天亮之前我身无分文。
(3)Those poverty-stricken refugees are trying to find work to supply themselves with necessities.
那些贫困的难民们在找工作维持生计。
又如:go on doing sth.与 go on to do sth.都可表示继续做某事。但go on doing sth.是指继续做刚才已做过的同一件事,不管中间是否中断过,是一个重复的过程。如:He went on reading after supper.(他吃过晚饭继续读书。)而go on to do sth.表示接着做另一件事,这件事完全与前面的事情不同,是一个过程完成的先后顺序。如:He took a long drink and then went on to tell us about his life in that mountainous village.(他喝了一大口水,接着向我们讲述了他在那个山区的生活。)由此可见,在词汇教学中,进行同义词的讲解,可以丰富我们的语言,增强感染力,形象生动地反映客观事物,准确地表情达意。
总之,在语言的实际运用中,词汇起着重要的作用。词汇教学是外语教学的重要环节之一,因此,如何有效地组织词汇教学,应是每位英语教师长期研究的课题。
参考文献
[1] 张道真.《实用英语法》商务印书馆出版,1984.
[2] 陆谷孙.《英汉大词典》上海译文出版社,1993.
词汇分类范文2
mare 母马
colt,foal 马驹,小马
pony 矮马
thoroughbred 纯种马
mustang 野马
mule 骡
ass,donkey 驴
ox 牛
buffalo 水牛
bull 公牛
cow 母牛
calf 小牛,牛犊
bullock,steer 小阉牛
heifer 小母牛
pig,swine 猪
boar 种猪
hog 阉猪,肥猪
gilt 小母猪
piglet 猪崽
sheep 羊
ewe 母羊
goat 山羊
lamb 羊羔,羔羊
zebra 斑马
antilope 羚羊
gazelle 小羚羊
deer 鹿
reindeer 驯鹿
giraffe 长颈鹿
camel 骆驼
dromedary 单峰驼
llama 大羊驼
guanaco 原驼
alpaca 羊驼
vicuna 小羊驼
elephant 象
rhinoceros 犀牛
hippopotamus 河马
cat 猫
tabby,she-cat,grimalkin 雌猫
tomcat 雄猫,公猫
kitten,kitty,pussy 小猫
lion 狮
lynx 猞猁
panther,puma 美洲豹
leopard 豹
tiger 虎
wildcat 野猫
bison 美洲野牛
yak 牦牛
dog 狗
badger 獾
weasel 鼬,黄鼠狼
otter 水獭
fox 狐
hyena,hyaena 鬣狗
wolf 狼
squirrel 松鼠
dormouse 睡鼠
词汇分类范文3
关键词:会计学原理;会计科目;白话解读
中图分类号:F23 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1001-828X(2014)04-0-02
众所周知,“万事开头难”,对于刚接触会计的人来说,会计学原理是一门全新的课程。对于一直固步于学堂,没有接触到社会的学生来说,会计学原理更是用来描述企业生产运营过程的一种全新的语言。而现在的学生最突出的特点是思维活跃,好奇心强,他们最不能接受照本宣科、死记硬背的教学模式。这就要求我们老师在讲授基础概念和专业术语时不能太教条,应尽量采用一些比较直白、比较容易理解的语言进行讲解,增强学生们的感性认识,激发他们的学习兴趣。以下是笔者在教学和会计实践工作中总结出的对部分名词的白话解读,写下来和大家分享。
一、“钱”的不同会计名称
同样都属于企业的钱,由于存放的地点不同,称呼它们时使用的会计名词却不同。如果存放在企业财务部门,比如出纳的保险柜内,我们称其为“库存现金”;如果存放在银行常用账户上,我们称其为“银行存款”;如果被他人借支或存放在企业其他部门,我们称其为“其他应收款”(当然“其他应收款”不仅仅指企业借出去的货币),比如个人出差借支或企业其他部门领用备用金,会计记账时,一方面是增加“其他应收款”,一方面是减少“库存现金”或“银行存款”;如果是企业销售自己生产的商品应该收“钱”但对方却暂时没钱支付,这种状况下的“钱”则有一个专有的名字,叫做“应收账款”。
即使同样是存放在银行的钱,因存放地点及用途不同,财务核算时使用的会计名词也会有不同。存放于企业常用账户,比如企业基本账户、一般账户,为企业的日常经营所储备的资金,我们称其为“银行存款”;但企业还有一部分货币资金,同样也存放在银行,我们却称其为“其他货币资金”,这类资金一般有:(1)企业因临时或零星采购需要,在注册地或所在地以外的城市开设银行账户,存放在此类银行账户里的资金,会计上核算时称其为“其他货币资金—外埠存款”;(2)企业为取得银行汇票或银行本票,按规定在银行存入相应款项,由银行出具汇票(或本票),企业即可持此票据在异地(银行汇票)或同城(银行本票)支付相应购货款。规定了这种具体用途的存款,会计上核算时称其为“其他货币资金—银行汇票(或本票)存款”。
二、“物”的不同会计名称
采购的材料,尚未运回企业或已运到企业但还处于挑选整理状态,只要没有进入原材料仓库,会计上核算时称其为“在途物资”(实际成本核算)或“材料采购”(计划成本核算)。采购回来的材料经过挑选整理或不需要挑选整理直接进入仓库的,只要进入材料仓库,会计上核算时便称其为“原材料”。还是这些材料,如果被生产车间领用了,材料实物的位置从“材料仓库”转移到“生产车间”,相应的会计核算时,材料成本也要从“原材料”科目转到“生产成本”科目。接下来,这些材料经过生产车间加工完成形成成品,这些成品的实物形态会被人从“生产车间”转移到“成品仓库”,在成品仓库里等待出售。这个转移过程,会计核算时是将“生产成本”转到“库存商品”。企业销售产品,发出商品后,该部分实物资产的价值又从“库存商品”账户转移到了“主营业务成本”账户。在该流程中,其实物的位移和账户转换的对应关系如下图:
反过来,如果有人想知道一个企业下阶段有多少材料可用,就到“材料采购”(或“在途物资”)和“原材料”账户去查找;想了解本时点生产线上有多少未完工产品,那就去查看“生产成本”账户;想了解尚有多少货物可供销售,那就要翻看“库存商品”账户了。
三、会计等式的白话解读
众所周知,“资产=负债+所有者权益”是会计学原理中最重要的等式,是编制会计报表的依据。但对于刚接触会计知识的人来说,这个等式无异于天方夜谭,总也弄不明白为什么会出现这样一个等式。大多数会计学原理的老师在讲授这个等式时,都要求学生把它当做一个公式先背下来,然后照着套就行了。其实,这个公式和一个简单的道理不谋而合,那就是“物质不灭定理”。
这个等式右边,是告诉我们一个企业的资金来源途径有两种。
第一种是欠别人的“钱”。如果是欠银行的钱,时间在一年以内,称为“短期借款”,时间在一年以上,称为“长期借款”;如果是欠企业内部职工的工资,就形成了“应付职工薪酬”;如果是欠个人除工资以外其他的钱,则称为“其他应付款”;如果是因为买其他企业产品而形成的欠款,又有一个专门的名称,叫做“应付账款”……
第二种是股东的“钱”。如果是股东在公司设立时就投给公司的钱,叫“注册资本”;如果是公司运营期间赚钱后累计存留下来的钱,属于企业的“未分配利润”。
企业的资金来源明白了,那么这些“钱”都到哪里去了呢?等式的左边就清晰了列明了这些资金的去向。你看,如果这些“钱”还躺在企业保险柜里,就是“库存现金”;如果保险柜不安全,“钱”放到银行去了,就是“银行存款”;如果拿去买了材料,或者用去生产成了产品,就形成了企业的“存货”;如果拿去买了房产、设备,就形成了“固定资产”……
如果某个企业的资金来源和资金占用不一致,那只能说,要么这个企业的会计糊涂,要么这个企业存在贪污现象。
四、借贷记账符号的非白话解读
在整个会计学原理基础理论的讲述中,这个知识点是最难用白话语言解读的。但如果了解了记账方法形成的历史过程,也许就不觉得那么迷茫了。
我国先后沿用过增减记账法、收付记账法等复式记账方法,无论哪种记账方法,记账原理都是一样的,其中的“增”与“减”、“收”与“付”都是一种记账符号。
借贷记账法起源于13~14世纪的意大利。是由意大利佛罗伦萨的借贷资本家最先采用的一种记账的方法,他们从贷主处借入款项,计入贷主名下的贷方,归还记借方;将款项借出时,计入借主名下的借方,收回记贷方。贷主名下所记内容表示的是“借贷资本家”债务的增减变动,借主名下所记内容表示的是“借贷资本家”债权的增减变动。这时,“借”和“贷”分别表示借贷资本家与债权人、债务人之间的债权债务关系。在以后的几百年里,随着商品经济的发展,借贷记账法也在不断发展和完善,“借”、“贷”两字逐渐失去其本来含义,变成了纯粹的记账符号。记录的内容也不仅仅局限于货币资金的借贷业务,而是逐步扩展到财产物资、经营损益和经营资本的增减变化,并广泛应用于许多行业。随后,借贷记账法传遍欧洲、美洲等地,成为世界通用的国际商业语言。
“借”和“贷”作为记账符号,都具有增加和减少的双重含义。“借”和“贷”这两个记账符号对会计等式两方的会计要素规定了增减相反的含义。“借”和“贷”何时为增加、何时为减少,必须结合账户的具体性质才能准确说明。在会计等式“资产+费用=负债+所有者权益+收入”中,等号左边的资产类和费用类是“借”增“贷”减,等号右边的负债类、所有者权益类和收入类是“借”减“贷”增。
再次友情提示,请千万记住,“借”和“贷”其实什么也不是,只是符号而已。如果不考虑会计语言的通用性,而只是用来记录你自己的家庭开支,你可以用阿凡提,或者白毛女,也可以用阿诗玛,你爱用什么用什么,并无本质区别。
五、“有借必有贷、借贷必相等”的记账规则
“有借必有贷、借贷必相等”是会计填制记账凭证的依据,对于初学者来说,毋庸置疑,是一定要记住的。该规则充分体现了会计复式记账的科学思想,对企业发生的每一笔经济业务的来龙去脉都清清楚楚的描述了下来,向我们展现出了企业运营过程中形成的各种对称的平衡美。
概括的说,企业的资金运营一般都可以总结为以下三种情况:
第一种是企业的资金占用形态发生了改变,资产由一种形式转变为另一种形式。比如用企业存在银行的钱去买原材料,由会计语言描述为:
借:原材料
贷:银行存款
在该业务中,企业资产内部一增一减,一借一贷,数量相等,资产总量保持不变。
第二种情况是企业资金来源和占用相互促进,资产和权益同时发生改变。比如企业运营中缺少流动资金,由老板从自己腰包里掏出一部分钱借给企业周转,由会计语言描述为:
借:银行存款
贷:其他应付款
在该业务中,由于企业资金来源的增加带动了企业资产占用的增加,资产和权益一借一贷,数量相等。
第三种情况是资金来源途径发生了改变,由一种新的资金来源替代了一种旧的资金来源。比如上述业务中,随着企业的发展壮大,企业的流动资金缺口成持续性发展态势,企业老板想在短期内收回自己刚借出去的钱似乎没太大的希望。这时,老板就可以把自己原来暂时性借给企业钱转变也对企业的增资,这个过程用会计语言描述为:
借:其他应付款
贷:实收资本
在该业务中,权益内部由一种形式转变为另一种形式,一增一减,一借一贷,数量相等,权益总量保持不变。
六、资产负债表和利润表
一个合格的会计专业人士,不仅要能看懂报表,解释报表,最终还要学会编制报表、运用报表。而对于一个非专业人士来说,看会计报表确实是一件很让人窝火的事。但是如果用白话来解读会计报表的话,却是一件相对轻松的事了。
你看,资产负债表清楚的记录了在某个时点(一般是某个月的月底)企业静态的财务现状,表的右边描述了在这个时点上,企业的资金来源的各种渠道,以及截止到这个时点上从每种渠道聚集到企业的资金量;表的左边则描述了在同一时点上,这些聚集来的资金以何种姿态在企业展现。由于资产负债表是一种静态的报表,是同一时点同时出现的一种状态,所以表中以数字形式记录的各价值量可以互相累加。
而利润表中各数量都是企业一段时间内运营过程中某个财务指标的发生额累加形成的,是一种动态的时期指标。利润表中的各种价值量之间通过固定的勾稽关系最终计算出企业在一段时期内的经营成果,用大白话的描述也就是“这个企业是赚钱了还是亏钱了”。
当然,对于会计名词的含义,每个人都会有自己独特的语言描述。以上笔者对部分会计名词的白话解读只是向会计入门者打开了一个通道,不至于让初学者看到条陈繁多的会计专业术语产生为难情绪,以至于发展成排斥心理。无论怎么解读,对于初学者来说,要想真正掌握这门会计语言,都要在理解的基础上加以记忆,并在练习中不断强化。
作为授课老师,我们不仅要在语言上尽量采用直白的语言把晦涩难懂的专业术语解释清楚,在教学中,我们还要采用多种教学方法,通过多媒体讲述理论知识和演示实训过程,把一个生产型企业的资金周转周期清晰的展现在学生面前,让同学们追逐着企业生产经营的脚步一步一步去感受资金运营的过程,进一步理会这种全新的会计语言。
参考文献:
[1]刘建胜.在会计学原理教学中实施项目教学法研究[J].景德镇高专学报,2013(4).
[2]田丽娜.本科《会计学原理》精品课程建设初探[J].财会月刊,2011(11).
词汇分类范文4
重点:现在分词与过去分词的区别; 分词在句中充当的成份;分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语是否一致。
1. ______ what the situation would be like, they decided to keep silent.
A. Having not known B. Knowing not C. Not know D. Not knowing
2. The program was so ______ that they were too ______ to fall asleep.
A. exciting…excited B. excited….exciting C. exciting…exciting D. excited….excited
3. The ______ children were opening their Christmas presents.
A. exciting B. excited C. excite D. excitement
1.Not too many years ago, it was an excited experience to travel 25 or 50 miles from home.
2.China is a ______ country while the U.S is a ______ country.
A. developed…developed B. developing…developing C. developed…developing D. developing…developed
3.Mrs. White found her husband surrounded by letters and papers and ______ very worried.
A. looking B. looks C. look D. to look
4.She returned home from the market only to find the door open and a number of things______.
A. stole B. missing C. missed D. stealing
5.Just as I turned round the corner, I saw a car ______ towards me at a high speed.
A. to come B. come C. coming D. came
6.All those ______ to go to the football match please raise your hands.
A. wish B. wished C. will wish D. wishing
10. No one else ______ willing to go, he offered to take the message.
A. was B. had been C. were D. being
11. ______ the teacher’s suggestion, Tom finally found a way to settle the problem.
A. Following B. To follow C. Follow D. He followed
12. ______ crossing the street, he was knocked down by a car.
A. By B. During C. At D. While
13. There was a terrible cry ______ the fall of the pole.
A. followed B. to follow C. following D. that follows
14. Most of the artists being invited to the party were from South Africa.
15. Some of the guests ______ to the party were from other cities.
A. to invite B. invited C. being invited D. had been invited
16. The telephone was invented in 1876 by a man ______ Alexander Graham Bell.
A. named B. naming C. that names D. who named
17. Water ______ into vapor by the sun falls as rain.
A. turns B. turning C. is turned D. turned
18. The children ______ in red sang songs together.
A. dressed B. dressing C. worn D. wearing
19. The musician, ______ for his splendid speech, was warmly received by the students.
A.knowing B. known C. having known D. being known
20. The cinema ______ last month, is very popular especially among the young people in the town.
A. opens B. opened C. to open D. having opened
21. -Do you know anything about the meeting ______ in Italy?
-Yes, and as a matter of fact I attended it.
A. to be held B. held C. being held D. to hold
22. There are about 70 people ______ in the accident.
A. were killed B. who killed C. killing D. killed
23. It’s such a big room. If you don’t speak loud enough, you’ll never make yourself ______.
A. hear B. hearing C. to hear D. heard
24. In earliest times, people had eaten their food______.
A.uncooked B. being uncooked C. uncooking D. to be uncooked
25. The hunters had the fire ______ at the night in the woods.
A. burnt B. burning C. to burn D. burned
26. John went to town yesterday and had his bike ______ there.
A. repair B. to repair C. repairing D. repaired
27. My wife is planning to have the furniture ______ light gray.
A. paint B. painting C. to paint D. painted
28. The dress doesn’t fit, I’ll have to have it ______.
A. sold B. charged C. changed D. adopted
29. Mr. Smith had the report ______ as soon as he finished ______ it.
A. to be typed…to write B. typed…to write C. being typed…writing D. typed…writing
30. ______ white, the kitchen looks much better than before.
A. Paints B. Painted C. Paining D. To paint
31. He kept us ______ with ______ stories about his Arctic adventures.
A. entertained/ exciting B. entertaining/ excited
C. entertained/ excited D. entertaining/ exciting
32. ______ their luggage, the tourists hurried to the airport,
A. Packed B. After packed C. Packing D. Having packed
33. ______ a wrong address, he could not find his friend’s flat.
A. Giving B. To be given C. Having given D. Having been given
34. ______ his party to power for the fourth time, he becomes famous among Western leaders..
A. Lead B. Leading C. Have led D. Having led
35. ______ for several times, Bill made up his mind not to watch late night movies any more.
A. To be scolded B. To have been scolded C. Being scolded D. Having been scolded
36. The recorder ______ out of order, the students did not know what to do.
A. were B. has been C. was being D. being
37. After seeing the movie, ______.
A. the book was read by him B. the book made him want to read it
C. he wanted to read the book D. the reading of the book interested him
38. All the afternoon he worked in his study with the door______.
A. to lock B. locking C. locked D. lock
Ⅹ、虚拟语气
重点:虚拟语气的基本用法及其常见形式,如含if 条件句的句子,as if 从句; it is necessary/ important that 从句; suggest (建议)等词后面的宾语从句; it is suggested that 从句; suggestion等词后面的同位语从句,表语从句; wish 后面的宾语从句等。
1. His doctor suggested that he ______ his right hand.
A. avoid to use B. avoid using C. has avoided using D. avoids to use
2. Jim suggested that they ______ their supper.
A. had B. would have C. should have D. should have eaten
3. I suggest that he will be sent to hospital as soon as possible.
4. I suggest that (他再把这个实验做一遍)[he should do the experiment again]
5. It’s suggested that ______ a while before we make a decision.
A. she waited B. she wait C. she waits D. she will wait
6. The manager insisted that the chief engineer ______ testing the new model immediately.
A. start B. starts C. started D. will start
7. The doctor insists that ______ (我父亲戒烟). [my father (should) give up smoking ]
8. The company recommended that a new railway station ______ here.
A. build B. built C. should build D. be built
9. 他命令销毁这些文件 [He ordered that papers should be destroyed.]
10. Something about his manner suggested that he ______ not interested in what we were doing.
A. was B. were C. be D. is
11. It is necessary that he ______ there on time.
A. is B. be C. will D. has been
12. Mary wishes that she ______ law instead of history when she was in college.
A. study B. studied C. has studied D. had studied
13. I wish I ______ busy yesterday; I could have helped you with the problem
A. was not B. were not C. have not been D. had not been
14. It’s high time ______ about the traffic problem.
A. something was done B. everything is done C. anything will be done D. nothing to done
15. In spite of the noise, he went on working ______ nothing were happening.
A. as if B. because C. although D. where
16. 他的行为好像小孩子一样 [He behaves as if he were a child.]
17. If I had known all this before, I would not speak to him that way.
18. 如果你早一点告诉我,我就不会错过这个机会了。
[If you had told me a bit earlier, I wouldn’t have missed the chance.]
19. If you had followed the doctor’s advice, (你现在就不会再床上躺着了)
[you wouldn’t lie in bed now]
20. 如果我昨天来的话,我会跟你们一起去野餐的。
[I had come yesterday , I would have gone for the picnic with you.]
21. If her grandfather would have three more days, he would have been 100 years old.
虚拟语气强化训练
1.If Peter had enough money, he ______ on the trip to Los Angeles.
A. had gone B. would go C. went D. would have gone
2. He did his homework carefully for fear that he ______.
A. made a mistake B. makes a mistake C. would make a mistake D. make a mistake
3. I would have asked him to attend our gathering, but I ______his address.
A. didn’t know B. hadn’t know C. don’t know D. wouldn’t know
4. The stubborn young man did not follow the advice that he ______ on his behavior since he didn’t believe that he had done anything wrong.
A. reflect B. had reflected C. would reflect D. must reflect
5. I ______ the airport to make a flight reservation, but in fact I didn’t.
A. should have called B. called C. could call D. would call
6. I would have told him the answer, but I ______ so busy at that moment.
A. had been B. was C. were D. would be
7. If only we ______ a phone! I’m fed up with lining up outside the public phone box.
A. have B. had C. will have D. are to have
8. Mr. Smith received the order that he ______ the documents to the new product meeting for further discussion.
A. bring B. brings C. will bring D. has brought
9. I wish ______.
A. I know how to program the new computer B. I will know to program the new computer
C. I knew how to program the new computer D. I do know how to program the new computer
10. He believes he has been cheated. He ______it.
A. should not have believed B. should not believe C. did not believe D. can’t but believe
11. But for the reform, we ______ such great achievements.
A. shall not make B. could not have made C. should not make D. can not have made
12. I need a helping hand, but I would sooner you ______.
A. come B. coming C. will go with me D. didn’t join me
13. If the government had built more homes for the poor several years ago, the housing problems now ______ so serious in many parts of the country.
A. wouldn’t be B. won’t be C. will not have been D. would not have been
14. Tom might have come to school in time for the lecture ______.
A. if he got up earlier B. unless he had got up earlier
C. but he got up rather late D. but he had gotten up late
15. They took the injured straight to the hospital. Otherwise some of them ______.
A. might have died B. might die C. would die D. could die
16. It is a perfect fit, sir. I ______ to you otherwise.
A. wouldn’t show it B. wouldn’t have shown it
C. wouldn’t take it D. wouldn’t have taken it
17. Jeff looked as if he _______ a ghost.
A. saw B. has seen C. had seen D. would see
18. I would have gone to the concert, if I ______ time.
A. had had B. have had C. had D. would have had
19. ______ I known it, I would have told you.
A. Have B. If C. Had D. Having
20. The headmaster required that all the teachers ______ at the meeting.
A. present B. must be present C. be present D. would be present
21. The mother rejected my suggestion that she ______ her daughter the next week.
A. met B. meets C. would meet D. meet
22. It is necessary that anyone ______ exercises every day if he wishes to keep healthy.
A. do B. would do C. did D. will do
23. It is high time that we ______ all ready for this afternoon meeting, ______it would be late.
A. must get, or B. got, or C. should get, and D. get, and
24. In spite of the noise, he went on working ______ nothing were happening.
A. as if B. because C. although D. where
25. ______ the flood, the ship would have reached its destination on time.
A. In case of B. In spite of C. As of D. But for
分词答案
1. D 2.A 3.B 4.B: exciting 5.D 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.D 10. D 11.A 12.D 13.C 14.B: invited 15.B 16.A 17.D 18.A 19.B 20.B 21.B 22.D 23.D 24.A 25.B 26.D 27.D 28.C 29.D 30.B 31.A 32.D 33.D 34.D 35.D 36.D 37.C 38.C
X.虚拟语气
1. B 2.C 3.B: should be 5.B 6.A 8.D 10.A 11.B 12.D 13.D 14.A 15.A 17.C: would not have spoken 21.A: had lived
虚拟强化训练:
1. B 2. D 3. A 4. A 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. A 11. B 12. D 13. A
词汇分类范文5
关键词:语言体系;词汇;俄语词典
中图分类号:H35 文献标识码:A文章编号:1005-5312(2011)29-0202-01
众所周知,词汇是各种各样语言联系的基本单位,它在一定程度上符合各种语言的标准。首先是在发音上或是音位上,因为语言的使用是通过声音传达的(确切的说是通过语言体系中能够区分词义的最小的语音单位―音位传达的),其次是在构词上,因为非派生的根源词是新的词汇创立的基础,这些新词都是在非派生根源词的基础上产生的。再次是在词法上,就自己语言的词汇语义特点构成一定体系的词类,例如:表示物体意义的词都属于名词,表示动作或状态意义的词都属于动词等等。最后是在句法学上,因为一个词要想实现它的语义特点就必须与其它词汇相连,也就是说在词组中,在句子中或者是在更复杂的句法结构中才能实现其词汇的语义特点。词汇之间的联系可以清楚构词和词法上的特点,所以要想弄清楚其它语言就必须巩固和结合现代通语体系。
同时词汇是词汇语义体系最基础、最独立的内部有组织的统一体,词汇间的要素总是固定的彼此间相互联系。
在理解词汇语义上包括两个彼此间相互制约的特点:第一,词汇体系就是词汇单位的总和(即:单词,词组)。第二,词汇体系就是词汇单位,方法的组织形式。在各式各样的语言学词典中语言词汇的构成经常被提到。在这类词典中揭示了词汇体系的特点,但是很多情况下词汇单位的语义特点在这类词典中都是相对限制的。在1895 年巴克罗兹斯基在自己《古俄语语义研究》一书中提到:词汇和意义彼此不能分离,应该紧密的联系在一起,这并不取决于我们的认识,并且应该注意的是就词汇意义而言,对别性和相似性是词汇分类的基础。
词汇就其语义分类可以分为下列几点:1.非语言特点是词汇语义分类的基础。例如:专题类词汇、词组或与其相关的相近词和词组。应该注意的是非语言因素的词汇语义体系的非语言因素是指事物、现象和客观世界概念联系的本身。2.特殊的语言特点是词汇语义分类的基础。也就是说就词类、词汇语义和语法形式的特点对词汇语义进行分类。3.语言修辞特点是词汇语义分类的基础。换言之,语义词汇的分类是通过语言色彩和情感的表达实现的。
但是无论词汇语义是按照何种原则分类,它都是基于某种相似的特点。例如:方凳、长沙发、长椅、安乐椅......这些词共同的语义特点都是家具,但在其中由于使用方式不同,有的用于坐或躺,将其从总的家具概念中划分出来,从而构成词汇语义的聚合体,也就是说语言体系要素的总和。在同一类别中词汇的关系是聚合关系。
现代语言研究者指出根据语义类别中词汇的对别性和语义特点可以将词汇聚合体从中分离出来。
同时应该注意的是,同一个词也可以有不同的聚合派别。例如:шествовать它可以属于同 идти,передвигаться相同的语义类别。但是就其相反意义,它也可以属于同 стоять,недвигаться相同的类别。
综上所述,聚合关系在词汇学中是多变的,复杂的。
同时组合关系也是词汇联系体系的一种现象,它同聚合关系相比较,更取决于文章的语境。句法的关系在实现词汇意义的过程中即在词汇搭配的过程中起到了关键的作用。1.词汇的搭配―是词义上的关系,它取决于思维的逻辑性。2.句法的搭配―是言语中词汇联系的法则。
词汇的搭配在很大程度上影响着新词意义的发展(首先是在边界词中,然后是在词汇的语义结构上)。
在词汇学中出现了与某词有关联的具有派生意义的词,也就是说这些词的意义取决于原词。例如:ветряной-ветер-ветрянка.……这种关系叫做派生关系,这种关系的形成基于词义的联想和词汇本身的接近。
一个词不同意义间的相互作用是多种多样的,这些在总体上就构成了复杂的词汇体系,词汇体系多层性的特点如下:1.在音义形上―一个词有多种意义(多义词);在词义的联系上存在着某种缺口(同音异义词,形近词)。2.在词汇意义的相似性和对别性上―多义词,反义词。3.在派生关系上,词汇体系的形成取决于语义结构、语法形式特点、语音要素。
因此,学习语言是不断发展变化的。通用语言体系的本质可以在实践学习的过程中逐渐被认识、理解并确定语言体系的发展道路。
参考文献:
词汇分类范文6
关键词: 中职学生 英语词汇 学习策略
一、词汇学习的重要性
词汇在所有的语言层面上是最基础的,没有一定量的词汇,学习者将难以进行听说读写等方面的语言学习和语言活动。另外,学习者普遍认为英语学习中词汇学习是最大的难关,词汇量与词汇的掌握程度不仅影响学生的阅读理解能力,而且影响交流和表达。因此,如何使学生高效系统地学习词汇就成为英语教学的重中之重。
二、中职学生词汇学习存在的问题
中职学生英语水平普遍较低,注意力难以长时间集中,课堂自主学习能力差,掌握不扎实;一旦遇到学习障碍,就容易放弃,产生厌学情绪,自我约束能力较低;缺乏有效的词汇学习策略,他们所使用的策略极为单一,偏于死记硬背。因此,要教给学生许多记忆手段和学习策略,并教会他们如何使用这些策略。
三、词汇学习策略
1.构词记忆法
英语构词手段非常丰富,规律性较强,掌握一些常用的构词方法可以扩大词汇量,有助于增强词汇的记忆效果,提高词汇辨识和语境中猜词的能力。英语的构词法有三种:派生、合成和转化。派生词由词根加前缀或后缀构成。前缀一般是改变词义,不改变词性。中职英语课程标准要求掌握的前缀主要有:un-,dis-,in-,im-,mis-,re-,en-,tele-,non-等。如:advantage(名词,优势),disadvantage(名词,劣势),possible(形容词,可能的)-impossible(形容词,不可能的),tell(动词,讲述)-retell(动词,重述)等。后缀一般改变词性,词义基本保持不变。如:careful(形容词,小心的)-carefulness(名词,小心),hope(动词,希望)-hopeful(形容词,有希望的),educate(动词,教育)-education(名词,教育)等。例如,学生学习act这个词,教师可通过派生法教他们下列词汇:action,active,actively,activity,actor,actress等。合成词由两个词合成一个新词。如:foot+ballfootball,news+papernewspaper,rain+coatraincoat等。转化就是有部分单词不需要添加任何的前后缀,本身就有不同的词性。如:water(名词,水)―water(动词,浇水),rain(名词,雨)rain(动词,下雨)clean(形容词,干净的)clean(动词,打扫)
2.分类记忆法
随着学生所学词汇的增多,教师应指导学生对过去所学的词汇进行归纳分类。单词归类的方法很多,如近义词分类、反义词分类、种属分类等。
(1)近义词分类:如big-large-huge-great-grand(大的),good-nice-well-kind(好的)
(2)反义词分类:如bright(明亮的)-dark(黑暗的)black(黑的)-white(白的)beautiful(美的)-ugly(丑的)different(不同的)-same(相同的)
(3)种属分类:
职业:engineer pilot worker driver teacher cleaner businessman policeman athlete spokenperson
颜色:red green yellow orange blue purple pink gray black brown black and white
节日:Teachers’Day Mother’s Day Christmas Day The Spring Festival May Day Children’s Day
服装:tie jeans pants shirt skirt shirt shoes socks
3.联想记忆法
学习英语要善于联想,充分发挥联想的作用,不管想象多么古怪,只要有助于记忆,就可以采用。为了帮助学生从不同角度理解、记忆并提高词汇学习的能力,联想策略在词汇教学中的应用起着至关重要的作用。教师在讲解词汇时,最常用的就是在单词的音、形、意上的联想。
(1)读音联想,可分为相同读音类型和相似读音类型。如“our”(我们的)和”hour”(小时)的发音相同,而两词的差别仅仅就一个字母。“ship”和”sheep”,两者发音相似,仅有长短音之分,而意义相去甚远。
(2)拼写联想,就是将拼写相似的词集中在一起记忆,如think,ink,thin;could,would,should;book,look,cook等。
(3)词义联想,词义联想主要是区别具备相似汉语意思的英语单词或者由该词词义联想到与它相关的其他词。如“打”这个词在不同的场合就有不同的内涵,“hit”表示打中,“strike”表示敲打,而“beat”表示拍打。所以这三个词虽同为“打”意,运用的场合却完全不同。再如表示“穿衣”的dress,put on,wear所显现出的内涵也各有不同,有的表示动作,有的强调状态,要根据情况选择运用。
四、结语
词汇学习策略多种多样,每种策略各有优劣。我们要总结、发现、创造和选用最适合自己的词汇学习方法,从而提高词汇学习效率,为英语学习奠定良好的基础。
参考文献:
[1]徐美凡.中职英语词汇教学和词汇记忆[J].考试周刊,2009(33).