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雨霖铃翻译范文1
[KeyWords]Chinesepoetry;artisticconception;BellsRingingintheRain;solution
【摘要】汉诗英译是否成功就在于能否成功的传达意境。要成功的传达意境是不容易的,许多好的汉语诗歌翻译成英语后总是会失去原作的艺术魅力、本文首先指出:意境是通过形象化的情景交融的艺术描写,能够把读者引入到一个想象的空间的艺术境界,意境传达的困难在于中西方存在着诸多差异,不同的历史文化,风俗习惯和思维定势都使汉语诗歌的意境传达成为一个难题,本文以《雨霖铃》的译文为例,分析了这首诗歌意境传达的困难,接着通过《雨霖铃》的两种译文对比提出了意境传达的三种有效方式:传情达意,挖掘意象,激发联想。最后作者提出,这只是三种有效的方式,而不是绝对的方式。
【关键词】汉诗英译;意境;《雨霖铃》;方式
1.Introduction
"Poetryisasuperartoflanguage.”[1]Awell-knownstatementismadebyRobertFrost“Poetryiswhatgetslostintranslation”.[2]PoetrytranslationisadifficulttaskanditisespeciallytrueintheChinesepoetrytranslation.“Indeed,poetrytranslationisacreativetask.”[3]BurtonRaffelsays,“Thetranslatedpoemshouldfirstbeanewpoem,agoodone,andshouldbethefavoroflife,insteadoflifelessacademicaccuracy.”[4]TheEnglishversionsofmanyoutstandingChineseclassicalpoemswhicharegentlybeautiful,vigorousanddeepusuallycannotpresenttheoriginaltasteandflavorofthepoetry.Manyfamoussayingsandbeautifullines,whichenjoygreatpopularityduringhundredsofyears,maketheChinesereadershaveadeepsympatheticchord.Butforeignreaderscannotunderstandthemactually,ortheymayevenfeelbewilderedandthemostimportantreasonisthatthetranslationofChinesepoetryislackoftheconveyanceofartisticconception.ThesuccessoftranslationofChinesepoemsdependsonwhetheritcanapproximatelytransmitartisticconceptionofChinesepoemsandleadthereadersintoaspaceofimagination.China’spoetaswellasliteraryandtheoreticiansmostlythinkthatthegreatestachievementofpoetrycreationliesinartisticconception.Itisthesoulofpoetry.Thenwhatonearthisartisticconceptionofpoetry?
1.1Thedefinitionofartisticconception
Artisticconceptionisakindofidealartisticstate,whichcanleadreadersintothesituationandemotionofapoem.Theblendofsituationandemotionisthebasiccomponentofartisticconception,whichisinvolvedintwoaspects,oneistheobjectiveofimagesinlife,theotheristheidealsubjectivecreationofthepoet,wecalltheformeroneas“jing”,andthelateroneas“yi”.Therefore,artisticconceptionistheunifiedentityofthetwoaspects.[5]
ArtisticconceptionisoneofthemostimportantaestheticconceptionsinancientChina,whichcanbetracedbacktoTangDynasty.InhisTheStyleofPoetrypoetWangChanglinfirstlyputforwardartisticconceptiontogetherwith“物境”“情境”(twoofthreelevelslikeartisticconceptionusedtodescriberespectivelytheobjectandthecircumstancesofapoem).[6]Althoughheproposedthethreelevelstogether,hedidn’tpointouttherelationship.Jiaoran,apoetandamonkaswell,oncepointedouttherelationsbetweenYi(image)andJing(situation).Hethoughtthatthefeelingsofareadertoapoemstartfromitssituation.[7]LiuYuxiwhocarriedonJiaoran’stheoryadvancedthatwecansayinTangDynasty,theAestheticSchool---theleadingschoolofpoetrywhichanalyzespoemwithartisticconception,wasformed.[8]AndinQingDynasty,WangGuoweigaveadeeperresearchontheconnotationandcreationofartisticconception.Ashesaysinhis“CommentsonciPoetry”,“Notonlycanliteraturemotivatethewriterhimself,butalsoitcantouchtheheartsofothers.”[9]MaoDunthenthoughttheconnotationoftheliteraturetranslationisthetransmissionoftheidealcondition.Hesaid"theliteraturetranslationistotransmittheartisticidealconditionoftheoriginalworkinanotherlanguageandmakereaderbeinspiredequally,affectedandgetthebeautifulfeelingwhentheyreadtheoriginalwork.[10]
1.2.Thedifficultiesoftheconveyanceofartisticconception
Formanyyears,lotsofChinesescholarsaswellasforeignresearchersputtheirefforttodothearduousworktotranslateclassicalChinesepoemsintoEnglish.Andamongtheirworks,thereisnolackofexcellenttranslation.Asamatteroffact,justthroughthewonderfultranslationofsomeexcellenttranslator,alotoffamousclassicalChinesepoemshavewontheirworldreputation.However,asakindofartisticappreciation,weusuallyhavealittlepitythatthetranslationofChinesepoetrystillcannotexpressartisticconceptionwhenwereadastheChinesereaders,lotsofChineseclassicalpoemshavelosttheiroriginalromanticcharm,completeinformation,three-dimensionaleffect,andthestatethatcanleadthereadersintoaindefiniteimagination.ItisnotsurprisedtoseethatmanyscholarsconsiderthetranslationofChineseancientstyledpoetrytobeanunsuccessfulfieldsofar.Wecanseethatevenifsometranslationsdisplaythecontentofpoetry,theyfailtotransmit,interpretthemood,theimage,andthesituationofpoetry.BecauseofthehugedivergencebetweentheEastandtheWest,itisimpossibletoexpresscompletelytheprimarytasteandartisticconceptionofChinesepoetrytoeveryreader.
Thereasonisthatthedifferenthistoricalcultureconnotationsanddifferenthabitsandcustomsaswellasdifferentthinkingmethodsareformedintheaspectofwordsandexpressions.
TherenownedtranslatorMr.YangXianyihassaid:"Therearemanyotherfactorsconstitutingcertainmeaningsinoriginaltext.Itissimplynotimpossibletotransmitthesemeaningsforthepersonsunderdifferentcultures.[11]Forexample:theChinesereadershavesomeassociationspontaneouslywithweepingwillowinaChinesepoetry,itisimpossibletocausethiskindofassociationnaturallyifitistranslatedintoanotherlanguage.Inmanypoemstheterminology(poemlanguage)oftenhastheirculturalhistoricalbackgroundcausingthereadertoassociatesufficiently.[12]Thereisnofinaltranslationforanytranslationispartialsinceitishardlypossibleforanytranslatortoseekbalancebetweenvariousrequirement.[13]Ofcourseitcontainstheconveyanceofartisticconception.
2.TheanalysisofBellsRingingintheRain
Here,theauthorwillprobehowtotransmitartisticconceptioninthetranslationofChinesepoetrybytheEnglishversionofBellsRingingInTheRain.
2.1ThecommentofBellsRingingInTheRain
LiuYong’poemsaregoodatdescriptionofdetails,andwritteninapithystyle.Thispoemexpressesthepartingfeelingsanddescribesthesceneofpartingandthepainfulmood.Theemotionisalsoverysentimental.ThispoemisofLiuYong’srepresentativeworks.Thefirststanzadescribesthepartingscene,theauthordescribesthecicadachillily,andtwoloveswerepartingintheroadsideshelter.Theboatwasurging.Theywerereluctanttopart,handinhandwithtearfuleyes,sobbingwithoutaword.Themistywavesinthegreatdistanceandthedistantskyalsoappearedsoheavy.Inthesecondstanza,theauthorsighedwoefully:partingletsthehumanbesadsincetheoldtimes.Thelongertheypart,thesaddertheyfeel.Evenifthereisbrightdaysandbeautifulscenery,thepoetstillcannotcheerup.
“Thecicada”,“theroadsideshelter”,“thesuddendownpour”,“thenationalcapital”“theboat”,“themistywave”and“thesouthernsky”-----theseimagescomposedthedeparturepictureofgloomycolor,brimwiththethickdeepsorrow.TheChinesereadercanfeeltheauthor''''ssadmoodaftertheyreadandproducethesympatheticchord,butasaresultoftheculturalenvironmentandthebackgrounddifference,foreignreadersmaynothavesimilarfeeling,norcantheyinducetothisdignifiedatmosphere.theChinesereadercouldcarryontheverynaturalassociationtoabovetheseimages,formaseriesofpicturesinthebrains,buttheforeignreaderpossiblycannotbeabletounderstandthiscompletely.Inthesecondstanza,whatistherelationbetween“多情”and“自古”?Howtotranslate“晓风残月”?whatis“良辰好景虚设”onearth?Itisverydifficulttodescribethepainfulmoodandthedeepsorrowfaithfullytotheforeigners.
2.2ThedifficultiesoftheconveyanceofartisticconceptionofBellsRingingintheRain
Itisnotcompletelypossibletotranslatetheoriginalpoem,themoodandtheatmosphere,whichisalsoanextremelybigdifficultproblem,suchas:
Firstly,Itisdifficulttoconveytheemotioninthepoem:theemotionhereisnotpresentedexplicitlybutimpliedinthedescriptionoftheimages.Itishardtoconveytheconnotationandassociationsignificanceofimagestotheforeigners.Inaddition,theChinesepoemsusuallyconsistofseveralimages,thepoetcandisplaysomepicturesinfrontofthereadersthroughthedepictionoftheimages.InBellsRingingintheRain,“thepavilion”“eveningclouds”“willowtrees”“waningmoon”---theseimagesconstituteasceneofsorrowdepartureindrearyAutumn.Itisnoteasytoselectproperwordstoconveytheimagesaswellassuitablewordstoconnectthemintheprocessoftranslation.Finally,InBellsRingingintheRain,Chinesereaderscanassociatethewavingwillowtreesandwaningmoontothereluctanceofdeparture.ItishardtobringthesimilarfantasytoreadersinEnglishversion,becausesomeimagecannotarousethesameassociationtotheforeigners.Thereisalsoonepointthatweshouldnotice:theconveyanceofartisticconceptionisacommonproblem,sometimeseveniftheversionembodiesthecharmoftheoriginalpoem,theforeignersmaynotunderstanditcompletelybecauseoftheculturaldifferences.JustastheforeignerscannotunderstandtheloveofLiangShanboandZhuYingtai,Here,theauthoronlywouldliketodiscussthewaystoconveyartisticconception.
3.Threestrategiestoconveyartisticconception
Tobeexact,ZhaoZecheng’sartisticconceptionincludesthreeaspects:Qing(emotion),Jing(situation),andimagination.Tocounterthesethreeaspects,artisticconceptioncanbeeffectivelytransmittedtoreadersbythefollowingthreemeans:first,toexpressamorousfeelingsandideas;second,tounearthimages;finally,tostimulateimagination.[14]
3.1Expressfeelingsandideas
WhendoingthetranslationofChinesepoems,weshouldfirstlymakeclearthemainideaoftheoriginalpoem,thesituationsetinthepoemandideasandfeelingsthattheauthorwantstoexpress,otherwise,wedonottranslatebutcreatepoetry.
InancientChina,therearethesayingslike“idealcanbeconveyedbypoetry,and‘poetryisstemmedfromemotions.”[15]WangGuowei,anaestheteinmoderntimes,indicatesthat‘onlywhenapoetisabletoreflectthereallifeandexpresshisrealfeelingsbyhispoemhashereachedahigherlevelofpoetrycreation.’[16]Inhisopinion,thesimplenaturalscenery,suchasbirds’singing,flowingwater,flowers’blossomanddriftingcloudscannotconsistof‘Artisticconception’bytheirpoems.ThefamousliterarytheoreticianinQingDynasty,YeXiethoughtthatemotionfromthebottomofheartisoneoftheindispensableconditionsinthecreationofartisticconception,andwhetherartisticconceptioncanbeconveyedsuccessfullybythetranslationsornotdependsonwhetherthetranslatorisabletotransmitthefeelingsbetweenthelines,andunderstandpoet’mind.[17]AsEveingsaysinhis‘TranslationandSentiment’,translatorshouldnotonlytranslatethe‘tears’,the‘laughter’,the‘anger’,thereadinesstogivelifeonthebattlefieldandthevisiblethings,butalsothegrief,thehappiness,theindignation,theutterdevotionandtheinvisiblesentiment.[18]Forinstance,hereisseveralversesofBellsRingingInTheRain.AistranslatedbyRewiAlley,andBistranslatedbyXuYuanchong.
“都门帐饮无绪”
AWedrinktoeachother
BCanwecarefordrinkingbeforewepart
“饮”“无绪”thetwowordsaddanxietytotheparting,peopleusuallywoulddrinkwinewhenpartinginancienttime.Thepoetwassosadthathewouldnotliketodrinkatall.‘Drinktoeachother’inAlley’stranslationsdoesnotshowthiskindofmood.XuYuanchongtranslatesthewordsinto‘Canwecarefordrinkingbeforewepart’reflectakindofdisconsolateness,So,XuYuangchong’stranslationisbetter.Ifthepoemembodiesthepoet’emotion,theversionshouldindicateit.Letuslookatanotherverse:
执手相看泪眼,竟无语凝噎
Aweclasphands,faceswet
withtears;unabletosayanything
BHandinhandwegazeateachother’stearfuleyes
Andburstintosobswithwordscongealedonourlip
Totranslatetheemotioninthesetwoverses,wemustgraspthepsychologicalconditionofthepoet.Lookingateachother‘stearfuleyeswithhandconnecting,theywouldliketosaysomething,yetspeechlessforsobbingfinally.“执手”“相看”“泪眼”“无语凝噎”areasuccessionofwordsdescribingthehero’ssorrowandthegrief,XuYuanchonguses‘gazeat’and‘tearfuleyes’todescribethemood,andtransmittheemotion,‘burstinto’indicatestheeruptionofhispreservedsentiment,‘congealed’vividlymanifestthesadness.Obviously,inversionA‘wetwithtears’greatlyweakenstheemotionandcannottransmitartisticconceptionoftheoriginalpoem.Obviously,itisinadequatetoonlydisplaythecontent,wealsoshouldexpressthefeelingsbetweenthelinesproperly.Forexample:
多情自古伤离别,更那堪、冷落清秋节
Thatistosay,peoplealwaysfeelsadwhenpartingsincetheancienttimes.Howdoesalonelypersonliveinthischillyautumn?Herethepoetisdisplayingakindofdisconsolatemood.
Aeverhavepeoplehated
leavingtherefriends,andnow
thecoldautumnwithitssadness
ontopofitall;
BLoverswouldgrieveatpartingasofold.
Howcouldyoustandthisclearautumndaysocold
Comparedwith‘hated’,‘grieve’inBindicatesthatthepoetfeelsbrokenhearted,therhetoricalquestioncorrespondstheoriginalpoemexpressingthepsychologyofsadfeelinginthelonelyautumn,whichconformedtotheartisticconceptionoftheoriginalpoem.Obviously,Bismoresuccessfulintransmittingartisticconception.
Adoesnotdisplaytheemotion,thereforeitfailsinthetransmissionofartisticconception,but,XuYuanchongfullycomprehendsthepoet’semotionofBellsRingingInTheRain,andcarriesonthepoet’ssorrowbychoosingthewords.Finallyhesucceedsinthetransmissionofartisticconception.Transmissionofartisticconceptioniscloselylinkedwiththeemotiontransmission.Sowecanmakeconclusionfromtheexamplesabove,thetransferenceofartisticconceptionisincomplete,ifthereisemotioninanoriginalpoem,butthetranslationfailstomanifestthefeelingsintheverses,.Inordertofurthertheunderstandingtheimportanceofemotionexpressionintranslation,theauthorwouldliketogivemoreexamples:“晓镜但愁云鬓改,夜吟应觉月光寒。”(ToOneUnnamed)byLiShangyin)Thepoemdescribestheimmortallove:hecannothelpthinkingofhisbelovedforhisdeeplovetohersothathedoesnotseehisimagebutthatofhisbelovedwhilelookingintothemirror.Thetwolinesselectedinthepoemdescribethefeeling:thepoetworriesabouthisbeloved’sgrayhaironheadbutnothisownwhenheislookingintothemirror,hedoesnotfeelthechillofmoonlight,butheworriesthatshewillfeelcoldwhenheiscrooningverseatnight.ThefollowingaretwokindsoftranslationsofInnesHerdan(A)andXuYuanchong(B)
AGriefatthemorningmirror---
Cloud–like-hairmustchange;
Verseshummedatnight,
Feelingthechillofmoonlight…
BAtdawnI’mgrievedtothinkyourmirroredhairturnsgrey;
AtnightyouwouldfeelcoldwhileIcroonbymoonlight.
Adescribesthepoet’sworriesabouthisowngrayhair,andhefeelschill,whichistheliteraltranslationwithoutunderstandingthefeelingofthepoettohisbeloved.Soitfailstotransmitthatkindofsentimentinthepoemandrevealtheimmorallove.Xuyuanchongaddspersontodescribetheimmorallove,thusthereadersaremovedbythepoet’sfeelings,andgetthedeepcomprehensionofartisticconception.
Hereisanotherexample:“思君如满月,夜夜减清辉。”(SinceMyLordFromMyPartedbyZhangJiuling)Thepoetusesthemoontodescribethefeelingsofthewifethatsheisdullerdaybydaybymissingherhusband.LetusseethetranslationbyHerbertA.Giles:
Myheartislikethefullmoon,fullofpains,
Savethat’tisalwaysfullandneverwanes.
“Gilescomparesthewife’shearttothepainfulmoonthatneverwane,succeedsinconveyingtheessentialideaofhersorrow.”[19]Inthispoem,thekeypointoftheunderstandingofartisticconceptionistocomprehendthewife’semotion.SinceGilesconveythedistressofthewife’smissingvividlyandincisively,thereaderscanfeelthiskindofpains,thereforeGilessucceedsintheconveyanceofartisticconception.
Theanalysisabovesuggeststhatthetransmissionofemotionisimportanttothetransferenceofartisticconception.Ifthepoemembodiespoet’semotion,thetranslatedversionshouldindicateit,thusthereaderscangetadeepcomprehensionofartisticconception.
3.2Unearthimage.
Besidestheconveyanceofemotionsandideas,atranslatorshouldalsopayattentiontotheimages.Theimagereferstotheobjectinthepoetry,whichreceivesubjectivesentimentoftheauthor.Settingsun,fragrantgrass,weepingwillow,songofthebirds,cicadachirpingandsoonarethecommonlyemployedimagesinancientChinesepoems.Usually,apoetdoesnotrevealthesentimentstraightlybutawakenourmemorybythedescriptionoftheimageandstimulateourfeelingandcauseoursympatheticchord.[20]Preciselytheauthorrevealsubjectivesentimentbytakinganddescribingtheimage,thereadercanentertheartisticconceptionofpoetry.
Theimageistheessenceoflanguageofpoem.“Imagemodelcapturestheessenceofpictureinproseorinpoetry.”[21]Thepoetsalwaysutilizesthevisualizedlanguagewhichcanstimulatethereader’simaginationandtheassociationtodescribetheimageintheliteraryworks,iftheliteraryfigureisfresh,thentheexquisiteartisticconceptionwillappear.Thetranslatorshouldpayattentiontothetransplantationoftheliteraryfigureandvisualizationofthelanguageintheprocessoftranslation.Thereforetheycanfullymanifestthebeautyofartisticconception.Weshouldtransmittheimagestotranslatethepoem.Imageisthebasicelementofpoems.Thebasicfeatureisthatreaderscanexperiencethefeelingsofpoetsthroughthedescriptionoftheimage.“Wemeantodefineimageastheattributeforthewholementalconceptionofaliterarywork.Insomesense,‘image’hereiscountableaseyeablelinguisticpoint,andalltheimagesinaworkformintoameaningfulwhole,whichisoftencalleditsimagery.So‘imagery’isuncountableasaninseparableentitythatcanonlybeperceivedfromtheentirework”.[22]
Thereareseveralimagesinthispoetryasfollows:cicadas,showers,heavycloud,southernsky,willowtrees,waningmoon.“Theseobjectstobedescribedareneverselectedatrandom,butarethemanifestationofthepoet’sshrewdpowerofobservationanduniqueartisticview”[23]Theseimagesareobjects,butthepoetrendershisemotiontothemthathasbeenthesymbolofdepartureanddistress.Hesetoffthepartingatmospherebythedescriptionofobjects,thusthereaderswillportrayachillanddrearypictureasiftheyhearthesingingofthecicadasandseethepartingscene.Thenhowdothetranslationsgivethereadersthesameexpressionbyunearthingimages?Itisrareforustofeelcoldanddrearywhenhearingthesingingofcicadas,whilethepoetuse"寒"and"凄"todescribeit,forthepainfromthebottomofhisheart."寒"and"凄"uncoverdirectlythepoet’smood,thepersonhavetopartwithhisbelovedandfeelsthecoldnessoftheoutsideworld,whichishisinnermostfeelings.ThefollowingtranslationsarealsopresentedbyRewiAlley(A)andXuYuanchong(B):
ANowcomesthenoteofthecicada,mournfully;
BCicadaschill
Drearilyshrill
ComparedwithRewiAlley’s‘mournfully’XuYuanchong’s‘Cicadaschill’describesthecicada''''scondition,"drearilyshrill"corresponds"凄切"theyestablishedabasicmainkeyfortheentirepoem----cloudyandcold,"drearilyshrill"furtherexaggeratedthisatmosphere.So,“chill”“drearily”describetheprocessofpsychologyandtransmit‘artisticconception’of“寒蝉凄切”.Pavilionisconsideredasasymbolofparting,suddenshowermaybeconsideredasasymbolofthetearsfallingfromtheireyes.Lookattheverses:
对长亭晚,骤雨初歇
Aatourpaceforparting
eveningfalls;therainstormthatbroke
hasclearedaway;
BWestandfacetofaceataneveninghour
Beforethepavilion,afterasuddenshower
WecanseeRewiAlleyomitstheimageofpavilion,whichisveryimportanttotheconveyanceofartisticconceptionasasymbolofparting.InancientChina,peopleusuallypartinpavilion,soChinesereaderscanassociatethepavilionwithdeparture.AndXuYuanchongreservestheimageofpavilionandshowerusing“before”and“after”toconnectthetwosentences,sothatweseethenaturalsceneryandhumanfeelingswellblendedinthebeginningofthepoem.[24]So,Itdoeswellatthetransitionoftheartisticconception.Inthispoem,theimageoftheboatwaitingforthepersondescribesapictureofalonelysail.Theverse:
方留恋处、兰舟催发
Atheboatmanurgesdeparture
Bwearelingeringlate,buttheboatiswaitingforyoutodepart
RewiAlleyonlyuses“boatman”omittingtheimageofboat,andXuYuanchong’stranslationdescribesapicture:twopeopleareloathingtopart,theboatisurgingapersontoembarkquickly,wecanguessthattheboathasbeenwaitingforalongtime.Thepictureofalonelysailisthesymbolofthepartinglover,carryingthevisualfeeling.AndBisbetteratthetransitionofartisticconceptioncomparedtoRewiAlleythatisonlynarrating.Inthispoem,cloudandskyalsoaresymbolical,theheavycloudisthesymbolofhisheavyheart,andtheboundlessskyisthesymboloflongdistance.[25]Theoriginalversesandtranslationsareasfollows:
念去去千里烟波,暮霭沉沉楚天阔。
AandIknowthatsoonIshallbefar
fromhere,overthehills;
atnightamistwillcome
downfromheavens,andsoon
IwillbeinHupeh,where
skiesarehigh,andgroundlow;
BYou‘llgoyourwayfar,faraway,onmilesandmilesofmistywaves
wheresailtheships,andeveningcloudshanglowinboundlesssouthern
skies
Thetwoimages“暮霭”and“楚天”shouldbetranslated.RewiAlleydoesnottransmittheimage:cloud,and“skiesarehigh”doesnotdescribetheboundlessoftheskies.Thereforehistranslationweakenedtheeffectofthetransitionofartisticconceptionoforiginalpoemgreatly.Intheoriginalpoemthefirststanzabeginswithanimageandendswithanother,bothrevealthegriefofparting.[26]Thereforeintranslationthereshouldbethetransferenceofthevividimagetoletthereaderfeelthepoet''''semotionthroughtheimagestounderstandtheartisticconceptionofthepoem.
Asweknow,InaChinesepoem,therearealwaysmanyimages;thesevividimagesbringthebeautytopeople.Inordertoachievethesimilareffect,thetranslatorshouldcarryontheappropriatedescriptiontotheimages.Forexample,“小楼西角断虹明,栏杆私倚处,遥见月华生”(ImmortalAttheriverbyOuYangxiu)portrayabeautifulscene:thebrokenrainbowappearsafteraheavyrain,twopersonsareleaningonrailswatchingtherisingmoon.TeresaYee-whaYutranslatesthelinesinthisway:
Acrossthewesterncornerofthe
Smallhouse,abrokenrainbowhangs
brightly,asIrestonthebalcony,
awaitingmoonrise.
Theimageoftheoriginalpoemisbrokenrainbow,whyistherainbowbroken?TeresaYee-whaYuonlyuses‘brokenrainbow’,whichfailstomanifesttheestheticsenseofthemoonraisesslowly,thereforethebeautyisinferiorthantheoneoftheoriginalpoem.ThetranslationbyXuYuanchongis:
Animperfectrainbowisseen,
ShutoutofviewbyWesternTower.
Weleanonrailsalone
Towatchtherisingmoon.
XuYuanchonguses‘shutoutofviewbywesterntower’,givingpeopleamorevividpicture:Abovethesmallbuilding,abrokenrainbowappears,--twopeoplearecloselyleaningintherail,watchingtheslowingrisingmoon,thephraseshutoutdescribesthebrokenrainbow,thetypicalimagematchestheimageverb,hasexaggeratedtheoriginalpoemmainkeyoftheoriginalpoem,so,comparedtoTeresaYee-wha’sYu.XuYuanchong’sisbetterintransmittingartisticconception.
Theanalysisabovesuggeststhatunearthingimagesisoneofeffectivewaystoconveyartisticconception,ofcourse,inthetranslationtechniquesofimage,apartingfromunearthingimages,thereareotherwaystoconveytheartisticconception,suchasfootnotingandparaphrasing,whichthisarticleonlydiscussesoneofeffectiveways.
3.3Stimulateimagination
Intheauthor’sview,theconnotationofstimulatingimaginationisthatifthepoetleavesagreatspaceofimaginationtothereaders,soshouldthetranslator.Itisofgreatimportanceforthetranslationstostimulatethereaders’imagination.JustasXuYuanchongpointsoutinhisNewConceptofTranslationinNewCenturythelowstandardofliterarytranslationistoresembleorreflectthetruthoftheoriginalpoems,whilethehighstandardistokeepthebeautyofpoemsinsourcelanguage[27]Thetranslatorshouldtryhisbesttobringtheadvantageoftargetlanguagesintofullplay,whichmeansmakingfulluseofthebestformofexpressionoftargetlanguageaswell,andtomakepoemsunderstoodfinally.Thetranslationsofliteraryworksshouldbewonderfulandsplendid.Althoughwecanreadorlistentotheliteraryworks,wecannotvisualizethemlikewatchingpicturesorgetauditoryimageslikelisteningtothemusic.Therefore,iftheliterarylanguageisdull,tediousandinsipid,itcannotstimulatetheimaginationofreaders,thuscannotconveyartisticconceptiontoreaders,letaloneletthemgrasptheartisticimagesintheoriginalworks.Itisthetranslators’responsibilitytotakeadvantageoftargetlanguagetoreachthetranslationtostimulatereaders’imaginationfinally.
ThefollowingisanotherexamplefromBellsRingingInTheRain:“今宵酒醒何处?杨柳岸晓风残月。XuYuanchong‘stranslationis
Wherewillyoubefoundatdaybreak
Fromwineawake?
Mooredbyariverbankplantedwithwillowtrees
Beneaththewaningmoonandinthemorningbreeze.
Thepoemaskswherehewillbewhenhewakesuptomorrowmorning.“willowtrees”and“Beneaththewaningmoonandinthemorningbreeze.”stimulatethereaders’imagination,andmakethereadersimaginethescenebythemselves.Forexample:howisthepoet’sconditionwhenheawake?Andwhatwillhebethink?Differentpeoplehavedifferentimages.Peoplecanimagethesceneofthepoetawakinginthemorningaccordingtotheirownunderstandingofthepoem.“Moored”givethereaderslargespaceofimaginationthatistheneedtotransmitartisticconceptiontoreaders.
Fromtheauthor’spointofview,stimulatingimaginationplaysaquiteimportantroleintransmissionofartisticconception.Manytranslatorsnoticethepointintheprocessoftranslation.Forinstance,therearetwoversesintherenownedpoem"SongofaPipaPlayer"(琵琶行)byBaiJuyi:“大弦嘈嘈如急雨,小弦切切如私语;嘈嘈切切错杂谈,大珠小珠落玉盘。”ThetwoversesdescribethemusicbythePipa.“Itisdifficulttodescribeabstractmusicinwords,butBaiJuyicomparesitinturntoapatterningrain,topearlsdroppingonaplateofjade”[28]whichgreatlystimulatethereaders’imagination,“sothatyoucannotonlyhearitbutsometimesevenseeitbeforeyoureyes”.[29]HerearetwoversionsrespectivelytranslatedbyC.Gaunt(A)andXuYuanchong(B)
AThegreatstringswithacrashresound,
Aswhentherain-stormstrikestheground;
Thesmallstringswhispermanifold,
Likesecretconfidencestold;
Andthenthevibrantchordsoutfling
Amingledcrashandwhispering,
Likeshowerofpearls,somelargesomesmall,thatonajade-dishpatteringfall.
BThethickstringsloudlythrummedlikethepatteringrain;
Thefinestringssoftlytinkledinamurmuringstrain
Whenminglingloudandsoftnotesweretogetherplayed
‘Twaslikelargeandsmallpearlsdroppingonplateofjade
C.Gaunt’s‘therain-stormstrikestheground’;‘whisper’‘likeshowerofpearls,somelargesomesmall,’andXuYuanchong’s‘patteringrain’‘murmuringstrain’‘murmuringstrain’allstimulatethereaders’imaginationandconveyartisticconceptionofthepoeminsourcelanguageaswell.Theoriginalpoemdoeswellinstimulatingimagination,sodoesthetranslation.
Stimulatingimaginationisapartoftheconveyanceofartisticconception,wegetartistictreatthroughabundantassociationandfantasy,whichachievetheeffectofartisticconception.Asweanalyzeabove,thetranslationthatarousetheimaginationofreadersconveyartisticconceptioneffectively.Thereisapointwearesurethatevenifthetranslationscannotachievethecharmofthepoemperfectly,weshouldexertourgreateffortstoresembletheeffect.
4.Conclusion
Wecanfindthattheconveyanceofartisticconceptionisnoteasy.However,throughthethreemeans,westillcaneffectivelytransmitartisticconceptionbyexperiencingtheemotionandimagingtheimageoforiginalpoems.Theauthordiscussesthreestrategies:expressingfeelingsandideas;unearthingimages;stimulatingimagination.Theyarethreeeffectivewaysbutnottheabsolutemeans.Inaddition,thereisonepointthatweshouldnotice:whenweproposedrequesttothetranslators,weshouldpayattentiontothefactthatthereadersshouldbequalifiedtocomprehendthepoems’artisticconception.
References
[1]温辉.意象和意境:英译唐人绝句[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2000(04).P4
[2]闫军利.诗歌翻译的美学途径[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2003(04).P7
[3]戴伟平.诗歌翻译与现代性[D].重庆:西南师范大学,2004(04).P38
[4]蔺丽.中国古诗英译意境传达的探索[D].天津:天津师范大学,2005(04).P17
[5]姜莉.论唐诗英译的意境传达[J].沈阳师范大学学报(社科),2005(01).P112
[6]同[4].P112
[7]同[4].P112
[8]同[4].P112
[9]同[4].P112
[10]同[4].P112
[11]水小重.从东西方文化的差异看汉诗英译的困难性[J].西北师大学报(社科),1998(03).P98
[12]同[10].P98
[13]同[3].P17
[14]同[4].P112
[15]同[4].P112
[16]同[4].P112
[17]同[4].P112
[18]同[4].P113
[19]许渊冲.中诗英韵探胜[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1992.P204
[20]同[4].P113
[21]袁哲.文学翻译中审美再现的三个层面[D].长沙:湖南师范大学,2004(05).P27
[22]刘建华.古诗意境英译分析[D].长春:吉林大学,2004(05).P26-27
[23]陈月红.中国古典诗词翻译中的意境问题刍议[D].武汉:华中师范大学,2002(04).P32
[24]同[18].P370
[25]同[18].P370
[26]同[18].P370
[27]同[4].P114
雨霖铃翻译范文2
这首脍炙人口的名篇,历来被高中课本所收录。对于其中的“多情应笑我”,几乎所有的注家都解释为“应笑我多情”。 对“多情应笑我,早生华发”,人教版高中语文必修第三册的注释是:“应笑自己多情善感,头发早斑白了。”在教参中说:“多情是古代诗词中的一个常用语,有多种含义,这里主要指词人建功立业的愿望。”鲁教版高中语文必修第五册的注释是:“应该笑自己太多情善感,以致过早地生出了白发。”此解释和人教版大同小异。王力先生主编的《古代汉语》第四册上说“应该笑我因多情怀古而过早地生出了白头发”。郭锡良先生主编的《古代汉语》亦把“多情应笑我”注释为“应笑我多情”,朱东润先生主编的《中国历代文学作品选》也认为“多情应笑我”是“应笑我多情”的倒文。
由于教材把“多情应笑我”看成“应笑我多情”的倒装,各种辅导材料也纷纷以选择题或探究题的形式为此句设计了试题。
然而,这种倒装的说法不仅在语法上极为罕见,在语义上也颇为滞碍。有人为了顺畅,便加出了一个虚拟的主语来,翻译成“人们应笑我感情太丰富了”。
这种翻译于情理上也说不通。在此词中,苏轼着力塑造了周瑜这位年青将领的形象。借周瑜的年轻有为、春风得意、潇洒从容来表明自己渴望能像周瑜那样为自己的国家建立丰功伟业。作者既有这样的愿望,在神游故国时怎么能笑自己的多情,笑自己的这种愿望使自己的头发过早斑白了呢?王力先生主编的《古代汉语》课本上说“应该笑我因多情怀古而过早地生出了白头发”更是不合情理。
其实,我们没有必要把“多情应笑我”看成是“应笑我多情”的倒文。“故国神游”和“赤壁怀古”相呼应,“多情”这个谓词性成分在这里则指称化了,意思为“多情者”,指作者上文所遥想的周公瑾。那么,这句话的大意应该是:神游故国,风流倜傥的公瑾应该笑我早生华发吧。用多情来指称当年的周公瑾,即浪漫又贴切。这个“情”字含义也比较丰富。它不仅指“爱情”,还指周公瑾这位优秀的年轻军事家的浪漫激情以及壮志豪情。“小乔初嫁了,雄姿英发”是多情,“羽扇纶巾”也是多情,“谈笑间,樯橹灰飞烟灭”更是多情。作者的这句词,意在突出自己和年轻有为的公瑾的比较,以衬托一种壮志难酬、英雄落寞的失落心情,从而导出下文“人生如梦”的感叹。这样来理解“多情应笑我”,从这首词的结构上看环环相扣,一气呵成,避免了不必要的曲折。
雨霖铃翻译范文3
高中语文新课标在“教学建议”中首先强调,要“全面发挥语文课程的功能,促进学生素质的整体提高”。“高中语文课程应在义务教育的基础上进一步提高学生的语文素养。应该继续关注学生的语言积累以及语感和思维的发展,帮助学生在阅读与欣赏、表达与交流的实践中,掌握学习语文的方法,增强语文应用能力,培养审美能力、探究能力”。这就明确提出了高中语文教学的目的是“进一步提高学生的语文素养”;“语文素养”的内容是“语言积累以及语感和思维的发展”,方法是“阅读与欣赏、表达与交流”,能力的内涵为“应用、审美、探究”。
这些具体的要求在古诗词教学中则体现为加强诵读指导,唤醒主体意识,凸显语文风味,让学生在诵读中感受和体验作品的意境和形象,从而得到精神陶冶和审美愉悦。
古诗词教学,历来推崇声情并茂的诵读。通过诵读,可以引导学生借助想象,再现场景,品味语言,体验生活,领悟妙趣,陶冶心性。从而培养学生热爱祖国语言文字、热爱中华优秀文化的感情,提升应用、审美和探究能力。
在课堂教学中引导学生在读懂古诗文的同时不断提高学生的语文素养,笔者仍然推崇本色的“四读”法,即:默读,感知疏通;朗读,描述概括;品读,品味探究;诵读,鉴赏小结。具体操作程序例析如下:
一读(默读),感知疏通
(一)默读全诗,初步感知
例如,学习《永遇乐·京口北固亭怀古》时,通过默读,学生可以初步感知辛弃疾作为一代抗金名将,从早年追随耿京抗金,到南下献上《美芹十论》,一生主张收复中原的一腔忠烈之气。进而感知诗人登上北固亭,感慨壮志未酬、怀古实为伤今的意图。
(二)对照注解,疏通词句
默读过后,对照注解,弄清了《永遇乐·京口北固亭怀古》中孙权、刘裕、刘义隆、廉颇等典故的内涵,就会为进一步读懂全诗扫清障碍。
二读(朗读),描述概括
(一)朗读全诗,描述画面
在扫清字词障碍后,引导学生大声朗读,然后让学生或口头、或书面描述诗歌的画面,是进一步加深理解的前提。学习柳永的《雨霖铃》,可以让学生在朗读的基础上分上下阕分别描述画面,要求展开联想,补充细节。如上阕的画面可以这样描述:秋风萧瑟的黄昏下,几只孤零零的蝉儿在有气无力地嘶叫,一场冰冷的急雨打在路边的长亭中,打断了蝉的叫声,也似抽打在这对即将分手的恋人的心头。两个人彼此间默默相对,泪眼相看,端起酒杯来却又难以下咽。清秋暮雨,长亭饯别,帐饮无绪,艄公偏又不成人之美,不忍分手又不得不分手。一时间百感交集,只有泪眼相看,执手凝咽了。一双无力却有情的手,两对无神却有意的眼,脉脉传情。烟波浩渺,暮霭深沉,天地辽阔,前途难测。
(二)整合意象,概括大意
画面的描述,加深了学生对诗歌内容的理解。在此基础上,可进一步要求学生对诗歌的内容进行概括。可以将《雨霖铃》的内容作如下概括:上阕写别时凄凉,融情入景。捕捉物候变化,精心设置环境,集远近背景于一刻。下阕写别后冷清,以景写情。渲染孤寂情怀,着意烘托气氛,融喜忧之情于一体。
三读(品读),品味探究
学生对诗歌读过两遍,在对诗歌的思想内容整体把握之后,可以再采用领读、齐读、分角色朗读等多种形式朗读,细细品味,深入探究其思想内容和表现特色。
(一)品味诗句,炼字炼句
在三读(品读)的基础上,要进一步引导学生品味诗句的精妙,让学生找出最能打动自己的词句加以分析,说明作者遣词造句时方法之精妙。例如,读《念奴娇·赤壁怀古》的上阕,可以让学生抓住“浪淘尽”的“尽”来体会宇宙永恒,人类渺小的自然法则;抓住“乱石穿空”的“穿”字,品味怪石的气场之大,穿透力之强。
(二)对比分析,探究意图
还可以通过多角度的对比分析,探究诗人真正的表达意图。仍以《念奴娇·赤壁怀古》为例,下阕中的“强虏”与“樯橹”的版本不同,表达效果各不相同,前者突出对方的强大,尽显周瑜运筹帷幄、以弱胜强之儒将风流;后者运用借代,突出曹操水军顷刻间化为灰烬的结果,形象具体。
四读(诵读),鉴赏小结
(一)诵读全诗,品味意境
最后要求学生在揣摩全诗意境的基础上,有感情地诵读全诗,进而加深对诗歌内容的理解。如,读杜甫的《咏怀古迹》(之三),可以引导学生联系首联“群山万壑赴荆门,生长明妃尚有村”的“尚”字,品味诗人对王昭君生长名邦,殁身塞外,仅遗此迹浓重的伤悼之情。联系颔联“一去紫台连朔漠,独留青冢向黄昏”中的“一去”二字,品味王昭君“去紫台”而“连朔漠”的怨恨之由,以及生离汉国,死葬异邦,其骨虽朽,其冢犹青的怨恨之结。联系颈联“画图省识春风面,环珮空归月夜魂”中的“省识”品味君王之昏庸,后宫之黑暗,进而体会美如明妃,生前失宠,死后无依,离家去国,遗恨绝域的凄怨之情。并推而广之,诅咒埋没多少人才的社会制度。联系尾联“千载琵琶作胡语,分明怨恨曲中论”中的“千载”二字,品味其怨恨之长久,离家去国之怨思。感明妃遗恨绝域,叹志士失遇无路。
(二)分析手法,鉴赏主旨
如,杜甫的《旅夜书怀》,即景抒怀,于细腻的绘景之中含蓄地表达了诗人杜甫因政治理想不得实现的孤独、寂寞与愤恨,感情激越,形象鲜明,境界宏阔。可以引导学生弄清其中几种对比的内涵,即自然的宏阔与诗人的渺小之对比,辽阔伟丽的乐景与诗人孤独的哀情之对比,伟大的理想和残酷的现实之对比。在此基础上,进一步体会杜甫“沉郁顿挫”的诗风。
经过以上的循序渐进的反复诵读,不仅可以调动学生主体的积极性,让学生全程参与教学过程,变教师的讲解为学生的阅读体验,让学生真正成了课堂的主人,而且通过反复的语言活动,让学生在不同的阅读阶段分步解决不同的问题,由浅入深,在诵读中理解,在理解中加深,在探究中明了,循序渐进地进入到文本的内核,进而把握诗歌的内容,加深对主旨的理解。
在古诗词教学中实施“四读”步骤时,要注意以下几个问题:
第一,诵读感知的过程不能简单地以录音取代主体诵读体验。有时候没有录音,反而更能突出学生的本体阅读体验的效果。
第二,要求学生描述概括时,不能以机械的翻译代替连贯、流畅的画面描述。可以通过想象,融入主体经验,必要时可以适当调整句序,增删内容。
第三,品味探究时教师应针对学生的个性化解读急中生智,因势利导,临场调控,而不是不加评点,或是将学生的思路硬拉回到教师预设的程序上。应该抓住契机生成,这往往是课堂出彩的地方。
雨霖铃翻译范文4
今年,我省高考继续实行“3(语文、数学、英语)+X(文综、理综)”。自2004年以来,我省高考语文、数学、英语三科实行自主命题已八年。从2006年起,结合湖北省实际,我省组织有关专家编写这三科考纲的补充说明。《补充说明》公布了今年高考命题指导思想,明确了试卷结构和难度设计,并提供示范题型。今年语、数、英各科总分、考试时间不变,作文仍执行每3个错别字扣1分,重复的不计。与去年相比,主要是“题型示例”有调整。
省教育考试院相关负责人表示,近几年,我省的高考方案都保持稳定,从2009年开始,我省便注重在高考命题中“渗透新课程理念”,注重对学生能力、情感价值观的考核,高考题型不会超出“题型示例”的范围。更多相关内容可参看2011年1月号的《湖北招生考试》杂志。
华师一附级教师严育开提醒,“题型示例”也是高考说明的一部分,今年的语文“题型示例”中增加了一些新题,如语言知识和语言表达部分第44题,要求考生仿照示例拆拼汉字;文学常识和名句名篇中的第5题,考查了文体方面的内容。对这些新题考生应重点关注。
本周六(1月15日),本报将举办大型公益名师高考报告会,来自我省数所高中名校的特邀名师,将为考生解读考纲,提供备考建议。报告会由本报和武汉新东方学校联合主办,报告会地点及赠票点将于明日公布。
去年高考,我省有49.2万人参加考试,预计今年高考生人数为40余万人。
考纲解析
语文:作文每错3字扣1分
【考纲摘要】
考试时间为150分钟,全卷满分为150分。
一、试卷结构
共设计23道题。
1.试卷内容及其赋分情况如下:
语言知识和语言表达,约27分
文学常识和名句名篇,约6分
古代诗文阅读,约27分
现代文阅读,约30分
写作,60分
作文应书写规范,每3个错别字扣1分,重复的不计。
2.试卷题型及其赋分比例如下:
单项选择题(约占24%)
文言文翻译题、填空题、简答题、写作题(约占76%)
二、难度控制
试卷总体难度适中
附录一
2011年语文高考命题使用工具书
《辞海》(上海辞书出版社)
《辞源》(商务印书馆)
《古代汉语词典》(商务印书馆)
《现代汉语词典》(商务印书馆第5版)
《中国成语大辞典》(上海辞书出版社)
附录二
古诗文背诵篇目
(一)古文(10篇)
劝学(节选:从“学不可以已”到“用心躁也”)《荀子》
过秦论(节选:从“及至始皇”到“仁义不施而攻守之势异也”)贾谊
屈原列传(节选:从“屈平疾王听之不聪也”到“虽与日月争光可也”)司马迁
陈情表李密
滕王阁序(节选:从“时维九月”到“声断衡阳之浦”)王勃
师说韩愈
阿房宫赋杜牧
六国论苏洵
游褒禅山记王安石
前赤壁赋苏轼
(二)诗词曲(25首)
氓《诗经》
离骚(节选:从“帝高阳之苗裔兮”到“来吾导夫先路”)屈原
迢迢牵牛星《古诗十九首》
短歌行曹操
归园田居(少无适俗韵)陶潜
山居秋暝王维
蜀道难李白
梦游天姥吟留别李白
将进酒李白
蜀相杜甫
登高杜甫
登岳阳楼杜甫
琵琶行白居易
李凭箜篌引李贺
过华清宫(长安回望绣成堆)杜牧
锦瑟李商隐
虞美人(春花秋月何时了)李煜
雨霖铃(寒蝉凄切)柳永
念奴娇(大江东去)苏轼
鹊桥仙(纤云弄巧)秦观
声声慢(寻寻觅觅)李清照
书愤(早岁那知世事艰)陆游
永遇乐(千古江山)辛弃疾
扬州慢(淮左名都)姜夔
长亭送别(节选:【正宫】【端正好】)王实甫
题型示例有增减
华师一附级教师严育开
【考纲解析】
湖北省高考语文命题仍将保持相对稳定,坚持湖北特色。除“题型示例”稍作删削和增补外,几乎没有修改。
命题考试形式、试卷结构、试卷题型及其赋分比例、难度控制不会改变,古诗文背诵篇目也没有变化。考生不必过度焦虑。
【备考建议】
突出能力立意是湖北语文卷命题的一贯原则。高考是国家级考试,必然要全面考查学生的识记、理解、分析综合、应用和评价鉴赏等五种不同层级的能力。选材会贴近生活,无论是基础知识题、现代文阅读题还是作文题,一般都与现实生活密切相关,考生必须关注现实。
雨霖铃翻译范文5
一、诗歌教学现状
1 疲于应付,急功近利
尽管外面的世界很精彩,目前学生的现状很无奈。一向养尊处优的孩子随着课业负担加重,考试名目增多,各种压力接踵而来,要求学生能保有闲情雅致吟读诗词有点勉为其难。“为了考试,在语文课堂上读读古典诗词,在课外我从来不读这些诗词”?这就是孩子们的心声。
压力让学生不肯静下心来多读多背,至多背几句“名句”“考点句”,大胆猜测一下中学生若不是因为高考,又有几人能主动熟背大纲要求的必背篇目。
2 品位低下,能力缺乏
如今流行、通俗大行其道,_无需意会便可尽享感官刺激的快餐文化已养成学生的惰性,制约学生的审美品位。而雅致的古典诗词语言极其精练含蓄,意象繁多,毫无审美功底的学生拿到古诗词也就自然无从下手,学生也就没有了读下去的欲望。
3 术业缺专攻,授业乏技巧
古典诗词浩如烟海,无法穷尽。在这样的情形下凭借往昔的功底进行研读,再把我们自己的研究成果能转化为课堂教学内容,虽说“诗无达诂”,但要合情合理,且要为学生所接受,这也是我们面临的巨大挑战。俗话说要给学生一碗水,教师得有一桶水,专业型的老师应该是我们追求的方向。
二、诗歌教学探索
1 养成诵读习惯
周作人说:“中国汉字具有游戏性、装饰性与音乐性的特点。”而古典诗词更浓缩了我们母语的精华,以其独有的节奏感、韵律感、美观性等特质,从古到今始终散发着迷人的高贵气质,因这些特质诗歌易于吟诵,因此学诗歌最原始,也是最好的方法,就是诵读。你能想象一下“窗前明月光,疑是地上霜”该句翻译出来的效果,这种结果又如何让学生对诗歌产生兴趣呢?吟读的方法看起来很笨,实际上很有道理,常言道:“书读百遍,其义自见。”著名学者钱理群先生说:“我们传统的启蒙教育,学生发蒙时,老师不作任何解释,就让学生大声朗读经文,在抑扬顿挫之中,就自然领悟经文中某些无法言说的神韵,然后再一遍遍背诵,把传统文化中的一些基本观念,像钉子一样地楔入空白的脑子里,实际上就已经潜移默化地融入了读书人的心灵深处……”通过诵读,无声变为有声,抽象化为具体,学生的思维就驰骋于音、形、义有机结合的或静或动的画面中了。
2 激发学习的兴趣
古典诗词是可以配乐演唱的,在宋朝,不是有“凡有井水处,皆能歌柳词”的流行现象吗?既然学生对流行歌曲感兴趣,那我们不妨投其所好,当学到送别诗时,我们可以教唱李书同的《送别》歌,学习爱情诗的时候可以欣赏赵薇的《不能和你分手》,品味诗人国仇家恨时可以听听邓丽君《虞美人》……这些歌词往往是化用了诗词,词清语利,情浓意浓,充满诗情画意,当学生能有感情的唱这些歌时,相信他们对所学的古诗有了更深的理解,此举既可以激活古诗词教学,又丰富了学生的文化底蕴。
3 讲究授课之法
教读古典诗词,应有意识地在积累、感悟和运用中提高学生的欣赏品味和审美情趣,这就决定诗歌教学应是多彩的。以下几种方法可以尝试。
1 品读悟情
诗歌学习离不开朗读,但读又不是一个简单的操练,机械重复只会导致学生阅读兴趣的减退,课前老师应事先设计好各种各样的层次朗读,比如说分角色朗读,像《满江红》的豪迈,适合男生雄浑深沉的嗓音;《声声慢》一类的婉约词,适合女生来念,朗读利于将学生带人角色,带人情境,通过学生的评析最终达到体味诗词的意蕴的效果。教师还可以根据班级学生的实际情况发动学生进行朗读表演。利用学生的表演欲,提倡“美读”“情读”,在这样一个过程中,常常有学生个性的创作与发挥,在这声情并茂的表演中学生的感悟力、创造了都能得到相应提高。
2 技法渗透
目前诗歌教学重诗歌内容轻言语形式的现象比较突出,上课伊始往往从阅读开始,知人论世进人,理解翻译着重,品味点缀,背诵压轴,学生的思维多停留在被动接受的境地,感悟多半是别人的咀嚼物,这样的课堂学生很容易形成倦怠心理,其实有些工作随着学生阅读经验的增强完全可由学生自己去完成,腾出时间引导学生更多地去感受言语形式方面的内容,比如体会语言的风格、字句传神的魅力,表达技巧的妙用,当然以上角度也无须面面俱到,根据所选的诗词显著的特点,找好切入点,从某一角度入手,讲精讲透,确保学生每节课学生都能有所收获。比如说学习《虞美人》重在引导学生体味某些重要的副词和动词“何时了”的“何时”以及“了”,“又东风”的“又”,“应犹在”的“应”,“朱颜改”的“改”等字词所表达的词人痛彻心肺的亡国之恨,让学生明白鉴赏可从具体的字眼人手。学习《蝶恋花》,通过反复阅读比较上下两阕的语言风格的异同,分析早成异同的原因,从而明晰风格与意象、情感的关系。学习《雨霖铃》从景入手,分析不同的写景手法,从而感受诗词虚实结合的效果。学习《声声慢》体会叠词的意韵等,尽量做到每节课的学习对学生来说都有挑战,都有收获。
雨霖铃翻译范文6
关键词:语文教学 意象分析
一、通过意象分析可以直指文学作品主题,深化学生对作品的理解
笔者认为通过分析意象能够使学生直接揣摩作者的情绪变化及写作思路,从而得以迅速把握文章主旨。如《将进酒》的第一句:“君不见黄河之水天上来,奔流到海不复回”,翻译成现代汉语应为“你难道没有看见,那汹涌澎湃的黄河水如同从天上倾斜下来?它滚滚东去、奔向大海,永远都不会再回来”。《将进酒》从本质上讲,是一首劝酒歌,是李白在元丹丘酒宴上的愤激之作。可是从元丹丘的家中几乎是不可能看到黄河的,那么李白的这首诗又为什么要从黄河入手呢?李白通过“黄河水”这个意向,又在向我们秘密传达着一种什么样的情感?——原来,我国文化源远流长,在漫长的发展演变中,文学作品的一些自然对象和人的心理之间,逐渐产生了一些成熟的对应关系,这就形成了文学作品中一些固定的意象。如“流水”=“时光”,那么咏叹流水,其实就是在咏叹时光易逝。“流水”这个意象相关联于时间,这样的先例在中国古典文学中可以说俯仰可得。如《论语》“子在川上曰,逝者如斯夫?不舍昼夜”,即“时间像流水一样流逝啊,昼夜不停”。又如《长歌行》“百川东入海,何日复西归?少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲”,意思为“百川归海,一去不回。时间也如此”,劝人们珍惜光阴,要有所作为。再如《念奴娇.赤壁怀古》“大江东去、浪淘尽,千古风流人物”译为“大江汹涌奔腾、滚滚东流,古往今来所有英雄人物所创立的丰功伟业,也都随着时间的流逝而成为历史”。所以回到《将进酒》这首诗,李白的前两句实际上是在讲:时间一去不返,我眼看也一大把年纪了,可理想还没有来得及实现,我能不着急上火么我?
纵观全诗,李白借“黄河水”引起了对人生价值的考量和探究,正因为时光匆匆如水般流逝,那么既然“天生我材”,就更加应该积极争取并努力实现自我存在的价值,这是全文的主旨。而串联起全诗感情脉络的“悲”、“喜”、“狂”、“愤”、“愁”也正是由此引发和升腾起来的。
德国哲学家叔本华说:“使我们生存充满烦恼与苦痛的东西,无一不是出自时间无休止的压迫。”具有类似情怀的李白也正是基于这一点,在以“黄河水”为表象的时间的压迫中唱出了这首感动了此后亿万人的《将进酒》。
如是看来,通过意象分析可以直指文学作品主题,在分析课文时起到事半功倍的效果。
二、通过分析意象可以点染课堂气氛,渲染学生情绪,达到更好的教学效果
又如讲授柳永的《雨霖铃》,整首词作涉及到的景物大体包括有“寒蝉”、“长亭”、“都门”、“泪眼”、“烟波”、“暮霭”、“楚天”、“杨柳岸”、“晓风”、“残月”等,这些景物从总体上来说,都天然的带着一种凄凉、萧索的味道,从而成功的渲染了作者“伤离别”的情感。特别是作者刻意点出的“长亭”,那几乎就是中国文学中分别的“代言”了。至于“杨柳岸”、“晓风”、“残月”,这三个意象的集合和叠加,则更是内藏玄机——(1)“柳”与“留”谐音,古人有折下杨柳枝送别的习惯,折下柳枝送给对方手里,以示自己的留恋和不舍,所以看到杨柳,会想到恋人;(2)“晓风”性凉,被“晓风”吹拂的同时,也被一种类似凄凉、孤独的感受吹拂着;(3)“残月”,月不圆、人两地,对比我国中秋时节人月两团圆的习俗,心头又该是一幅怎样的滋味!而这三个意象并非作者亲眼所睹,换句话说,是作者用“晓风”、“残月”等非常有内涵的景物,逼真刻画出自己酒后那种怅然若失、寂寞凄凉的心理状态。解读者完全可以把“杨柳岸、晓风残月”当成一个形容词——不管我今宵酒醒何处,无论繁星点点还是艳阳高照,我的心情都会很“杨柳岸、晓风残月”。
又如如赏析余光中的《乡愁》,引导学生提取意象:邮票、船票、坟墓、海峡,这些意象将彼此分散的 人和物,以及支离破碎的时间和空间紧紧联系在一起,表达了作者那难以言喻的哀愁和思念。
通过意象分析,如此这般娓娓道来,学生在感受、认同、理解了这些意象的同时,深深沉浸在作品所渲染的情绪当中,这对于授课、听课的双方,自然都是不无裨益的,甚至对于“以学生为主体,以教师为主导”的教育思想,也是一种成功的实践。
三、通过意象分析,可以使学生加深对祖国文化的理解,同时积累自己的写作素材
有些意象,如“长亭”、“流水”、“杨柳”、“渔父”、“大雁”,从某种意义上来说,都可以作为“代名词”来使用,有着很丰富的内涵,这是因为我们中国文学在漫长的发展演变中,一些自然景观和人的情感之间,逐渐产生了一种成熟的、并且是一一对应的关系。而这些内涵丰富的意象作为一种文化积淀,已经成了我们中华民族一种共同的记忆、一段关乎情感的密码。不管岁月悠悠、也不管山水迢迢,作为炎黄子孙,我们都应该掌握并以之为荣。所以鼓励学生在习作中加以运用这些意象,也是笔者在课堂上赞赏和一贯加以推崇的。自然,恰当的运用毋庸置疑会使习作生色不少。
综上所述,用意象分析引导语文教学通过意象分析可以直指文学作品主题、点染课堂气氛,并且可以使学生加深对祖国文化的理解,同时积累自己的写作素材。在这种春风化雨的熏陶之下,学生不仅会加深学生对作品的理解,并且慢慢一定会写出属于自己独特感受和真切体验的好文章。
参考文献:
[1]朱光潜.《文艺心理学》.