杜甫的名诗范例6篇

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杜甫的名诗范文1

当中的主题在《天使的愤怒》中，詹妮弗·帕克是其中的焦点人物，纵观詹妮弗·帕克的一生，反抗是她的一个永恒宿命，从登上舞台开始，她就面对着一个支离破碎、惨淡不已的家庭环境。母亲因为外遇而离去，这给她带来了深刻的影响，母亲的行为不仅仅在伤害着她年幼的心灵，也在改变着她的人生轨迹。她的人生起点似乎就是在反抗母亲给她带来的无穷伤害和巨大的阴影，而母亲的伤害实际上不仅仅是家庭的缺失，更带来了一种道德上的压迫感。主人公并不愿意接受自己的母亲就是一个不顾正义和道德，只是简单地追求私欲的人，她厌恨这种行为，也就产生了一种更加嫉恶如仇的情绪，或许她对正义的向往和追求是在努力抚平她童年时代受到的伤害。这种对自己命运的反抗在主人公登场时，就已经展现出一种悲剧的意味。在之后的人生轨迹当中，詹妮弗·帕克更是在跟自己的命运做着无穷的斗争，她心爱的男子是一个有妇之夫，在这一场违背社会伦理道德的恋爱当中，主人公无疑处于一种弱势的低位。因为主人公的爱情实际上是违背了社会当中的伦理道德，违背着自己内心当中坚守的信念，主人公早年正是面临着一种十分艰巨的考验，自己至亲的母亲就曾经违背过婚姻和道德的底线。此刻主人公反抗的或许是自己内心当中为自己设下的道德壁垒，这种内心当中的矛盾对于主人公而言不啻于一种巨大的精神折磨。 

与此同时，对自己命运的妥协也是主人公命运当中的另一大主题。她在反抗之后，依旧无法摆脱和超越自己的生命历程给自己设下的重重障碍。首先，对待爱情，主人公正是采取了一种妥协的态度。主人公的男友实际上是一个拥有家庭并爱寻花问柳的男人，但是主人公依旧希冀能够以自己的真情感动自己的男友，使其能够摆脱家庭和自己相结合。这实际上又是一种妥协，对自己并不能引以为豪的出身和家庭进行着妥协，她的母亲正是选择了背离自己的家庭，违反社会当中的道德和良知，选择自己心目当中的幸福，从而造成了詹妮弗·帕克乃至其父亲的人生悲剧。詹妮弗·帕克在几经起伏之后也选择了同自己母亲一样的道路，而这条道路事实上正是当年的她的人生悲剧的起源，更为深刻的人生悲剧发端于对自己的孩子的爱恋。这个孩子产生于一场违背世间伦常的爱恋，但与此同时也就更加重了主人公的悲剧命运。主人公为了自己的幼子能够免于黑帮的毒手，最终彻底背弃了自己当初的理想，为黑帮服务。黑帮正是主人公詹妮弗·帕克当年所希望打击的社会败类的集中体现，但是由于自己爱子心切，最终只能选择成为黑帮的一个帮凶。这种对理想的背叛或许已经足以让她的人生不再拥有以往的意义，丧失自己的目标甚至存在的价值。 

反抗和妥协并不是相互割裂的，而是始终交织在一起的。主人公每次对命运的反抗过程当中面临的困难和自己的内心欲望实际上都是一种妥协的诱因，而每次的妥协给主人公带来的痛苦又必然增强她进行反抗的愿望。当这两种情感交织在一起时，主人公的内心是无比矛盾的，在历经人生的劫难之后，所感受的情感也是无比凄凉的。二、家庭悲剧——詹妮弗·帕克悲剧 

命运的起源家庭往往被誉为人类心灵的港湾，就每个人而言，家庭也往往是人类接受教育并最终走向社会的起点。家庭对人的影响无疑是十分巨大的，它甚至在某种意义上可以决定一个人一生的轨迹。而事实上，正是詹妮弗·帕克的家庭悲剧决定了她在今后的生命当中必然面对着十分巨大的精神压力。当她在选择自己的人生道路时，她也在为自己的母亲赎清罪过，希望能够通过自己的努力最终维护正义，反抗那些自己曾经深深为之不齿的东西。母亲的所作所为事实上给主人公施加了一种恒久的影响，这种影响其实就是主人公生命的重担。 

此外，家庭的悲剧事实上也给主人公带来一种极大的恐惧。主人公并不希望自己重蹈父亲的覆辙，孤独地面临生活的考验和重担。但是父辈的这种经历又在某种意义上给自己留下一种精神上的宿命感。当一个人十分熟悉一种生活环境时，她潜意识当中对这种生活方式又具有某种认同感。因为这种生活正是她最为熟悉的一种生活状态，甚至当她希望通过自己的努力摆脱这种生存状态时，都在一遍遍地重复着这种状态给自己带来的种种记忆。 

可以做出这样的猜想，主人公詹妮弗·帕克一直都试图用事业的成功和自己身份、地位以及巨大的成就感来掩盖自己内心当中的伤感，并缝合母亲的离去和早年的痛苦人生给自己带来的巨大伤痛。当一个人的初衷就已经是十分扭曲时，其结果也必然是严重违背初衷的。因为事实上她追寻的是一个错误的目标，并且使用了并不正确的手段，她希望自己能够洗刷掉母亲给自己带来的内心阴影，但殊不知这种阴影并没有办法洗刷，人们能做的仅仅是转换自己看待这些伤痛的视角，而解决这种内心恐惧的办法也只不过是正视之并宽恕之。正视这种伤痛的存在，仔细地剖析伤痛产生的原因，最终宽恕伤痛的施加者，不让她的决定破坏掉自己的人生，这应当成为她的正确选择。但是由于她的懦弱和自卑，她并不敢坦然地面对自己的过往，而是选择用一种其他的手段加以掩饰。 

杜甫的名诗范文2

太阳能是一种可再生的清洁型能源，LED是一种节能、环保的固态电光源。二者的结合太阳能半导体照明是最佳的环保节能组合，独立光伏LED照明系统就是二者的完美结合。本文从系统组成、充电控制、放电设计、调试等四个方面研究了独立光伏LED照明系统的设计与实现。

【关键词】独立光伏 LED 照明系统 设计

能源问题和环境问题是关系到人类社会可持续发展的重要问题，太阳能是取之不尽用之不竭的绿色能源，太阳能的应用备受关注。独立光伏LED照明系统结合了太阳能发电和LED光源的优势，实现了最大能效的发挥。基于以上，本文对独立光伏LED照明系统的设计与实现进行了简要研究。

1 系统组成分析

独立光伏LED照明系统工作的过程中，通过光伏电池阵列来吸收光能，并将吸收到的光能转换为太阳能，从而为LED照明提供电力能源。传统的光伏LED照明系统中，LED恒流驱动电路和DC-DC变换电路是相互独立的，系统有着复杂性、效率低、可靠性低的缺陷，两个相互独立电路在结构上和原理上有着一定的相似性，而光伏LED照明系统不会同时进行充电过程和放电过程，因此可以引入双向变换器，以此来实现电路的简化，优化光伏LED照明系统性能，如果引入的双向变换器只具备单一的降压功能或升压功能，则势必会对系统的灵活性造成影响，同时限制了系统的适用范围，因此可以引入Zeta/Sepic双向变换电路。系统的结构图如图1所示。

在充电电路和放电电路中都采用Zeta/Sepic双向变换，通过控制器实现在LED负载和光伏电池之间的切换。在充电的过程中，转换开关切换到光伏电池，通过Zeta变换器实现蓄电池的充电，在放电的过程中，转换开关切换到LED照明负载，通过Sepic变换器来给LED照明负载供电。

2 放电设计

在放电的过程中，切换控制开关与LED照明负载连接，蓄电池主要为LED照明负载提供电源，其等效电路图如图2所示，蓄电池通过Sepic变换器向 LED照明负载的供电。

在电流连流的工作模式下，主开关管Q2导通，则蓄电池箱L2储能，此时C1和L1两条回路处于导通状态，LED照明负载的电能由C2提供；主开关管Q2断开的时候，蓄电池经过L2、C1、D2之后，实现向LED照明负载的供电，此时L2、L1以及C1三条回路处于导通状态。

LED特性曲线有着非线性的特征，且其对温度十分敏感，因此在供电的过程中需要采用恒流电源，以Sepic变换器为基础，采用电流闭环控制方式，以此来实现LED照明负载的恒流驱动。将LED驱动芯片为控制芯片，最好采用使用滞回流模式控制的芯片，这样就不需要复杂的辅助回路条件来瞬间响应，从而适合于蓄电池的LED驱动控制。驱动芯片内部有着较为复杂的控制逻辑，但其管脚相对较少，只需要在合适的选取元件就能够实现对目标的有效控制，对于使用者来说十分方便。

3 调试

充电电路着重研究8：30-17：30时的实验数据，对典型测试时刻系统采用的充电方式进行记录，蓄电池初始荷电状态为70%时，根据充电方式记录数据表明，充电控制器能够依照控制流程根据蓄电池所处工作状态在MPPT充电、恒压充电以及浮充三种方式之间进行切换，有效利用了太阳能，对于延长蓄电池使用寿命有着积极的意义。其调试时刻充电方式记录表如表1。

光伏LED恒流驱动电路设计中，当蓄电池端电压和环境温度出现变化的时候，应当保持流过LED支路电流保持恒定，经过实验测试来看，蓄电池电压出现升高或降低等变化的时候，通过示波器能够对流过LED之路电流的变化情况进行观察发现，其电流几乎为一条直线，基本没有纹波出现。进一步进行测试，当环境温度出现变化的时候，输出电流也没有出现明显的变化，这说明驱动电路设计有着较好的恒流效果，同时其抗干扰能力较强。

4 结论

综上所述，本文简要分析了独立光伏LED照明系统的结构，并从充电实现和放电设计两个方面研究了系统的设计与实现，旨在为相关研究提供参考。

参考文献

[1]聂晓华，赵忠凯.独立光伏LED照明系统主电路设计与实现[J].南昌大学学报（工科版），2012，04：378-381.

[2]黄克亚，尤凤翔.太阳能LED照明系统充电控制器设计[J].电气传动，2012，11：38-41.

[3]艾叶，刘廷章，王世松.独立式LED太阳能光伏照明系统的设计[J].电力电子技术，2010，02：18-19+69.

[4]汪义旺，张波，林燕.太阳能LED照明用一体化电源设计[J].电源技术，2014，11：2099-2102.

杜甫的名诗范文3

南京与北京、西安、洛阳并称为中国四大古都，是1988年国务院首批公布的国家级历史文化名城之一。南京有着60万年的人类活动史，近2500年的建城史，约450年的建都史，享有“六朝古都”、“十朝都会”的美誉。在中国历史上，南京载浮载沉，或为一国之都，或为州治，或为府治和郡治，或为县治，历代名号经历了从无到有、从少到多、从变化频繁到逐步定型的一个发展过程。

在今天南京市域（包括玄武、秦淮、建邺、鼓楼、江宁、浦口、六合、栖霞、雨花台、溧水、高淳11区）范围内，历史上曾经先后出现过70多个各具特色的名号。

南京历代名号，按其来源，可以分为官方称呼（正式名号）和民间称呼（非正式名号）两大类。官方称呼，就是以政府的名义明文确定的正式名称，如金陵、秣陵、建业、石头城、扬州、丹阳、丹杨、江宁、建邺、建康、金城、蒋州、N州、归化、白下、上元、西都、留都、陪都、集庆、应天、南京、京师、南都、天京、天都、天城、首都特别市、京市等，将近有30个。民间称呼，则是来自历代文人骚客笔下和寻常百姓日常口头上的习惯性称谓，属于非正式名称，如冶城、越城、虎踞龙盘、皇邑、神京、上国、上京、江南佳丽地、京邑、白门、皇都、吴京、帝里、江南第一州、江城、南国、行都、南中、南部、新都、新京、秦淮、钟山、六朝古都、十朝都会等，达40个以上。

南京历代名号，按其等级，可以分为国都之名、州名、府（郡）名、县名四级。属于国都一级的名号有孙吴建业，东晋南朝建康，五代杨吴西都，南唐金陵，南宋留都、陪都，明朝南京、京师、南都、留都、陪都，天京，中华民国南京、首都；属于州级的名号有汉末六朝时期扬州；属于府（郡）级的名号有汉末六朝丹阳郡，隋朝蒋州、丹阳郡，唐朝丹阳郡、扬州、蒋州、江宁郡、N州，五代十国时期的N州、金陵府、江宁府，宋代N州、江宁府、建康府，元代建康府、建康路、集庆路，明代应天府，清代江宁府，天京省，中华民国南京府、金陵道；属于县级的名号有金陵、秣陵、江宁、建邺、归化、金陵、白下、上元等。

南京历代名号，按其使用的频次，可分为经常反复使用的名号和一时偶尔使用的名号两大类。经常反复使用的名号有金陵、秣陵、石城、扬州、建业、建康、江宁、白下、白门、上元、应天、南京、虎踞龙盘、六朝古都等；一时偶尔使用的名号有冶城、越城、建邺、丹阳、金城、蒋州、N州、归化、留都、陪都、行都、集庆、南都、南中、南部、天京、江南第一州等。至于胎死腹中的中山城一名则属于特例。

南京历代名号，按其寓意，可以分为褒义、贬义和中性三大类。这些名号，既有在改朝换代过程中，新王朝或政权的统治者根据自身的好恶命名的，也有出自文人墨客的笔下和平民百姓之口的。其中属于褒义的名号有建业、江宁、建康、N州、上元、集庆、应天、神京、上国、江南佳丽地、江南第一州、虎踞龙盘等；属于贬义的名号有秣陵、建邺、归化等；属于中性的名号有冶城、越城、金陵、石城、扬州、丹阳、白下、白门、蒋州、陪都、留都、南京、京师、南都、天京、秦淮、钟山、六朝古都、十朝都会等。

南京众多的名号，与帝王将相、英雄豪杰、文人墨客乃至平民百姓紧紧地联系在一起。如冶城与吴王夫差，越城与越王勾践和大夫范蠡，金陵与楚威王熊商，秦淮、秣陵与秦始皇，龙盘虎踞与三国诸葛亮，石头城、建业、丹阳、扬州与吴大帝孙权，江南佳丽地与南朝文学家谢I，建邺、江宁与晋武帝司马炎，蒋州与隋文帝杨坚，归化与唐高祖李渊，N州、上元与唐肃宗李亨，江南第一州与南宋文学家张耒，集庆与元文宗图帖睦尔，应天、南京与明太祖朱元璋，天京与天王洪秀全，秦淮、钟山、六朝都城、十朝都会与普通的平民百姓，等等。

杜甫的名诗范文4

一、基本情况

1、个人状况：在这次调查对象中，年龄在16-25岁的占47.3%，26-35岁的占30.4%，36岁以上的占22.3%。初中以下文化程度的占8.1%，初中文化程度的占50.7%，高中、职高、中专文化程度的占31.8%，大专以上文化程度的占7.4%。其中未婚的占47.3%，已婚的占52.7%。原创：来自苏北农村的占85.1%，来自其他地区的占14.9%。通过当地劳动部门组织外出打工的占7.4%，通过妇联组织外出打工的占7.4%，自己找工作的占71.6%，随丈夫外出打工的占19.6%。

2、收入状况：月工资收入在200-300元的占22.3%，在400-600元的占26.4%，600-800元的占26.4%，800-1000元的占14.2%，1000元以上的占10.7%。

3、打工目的：有61.5%的人打工的目的是为了挣钱，14.9%的人打工的目的是为了学技术，为了换环境，见世面、在城里安家的占23.6%。

4、思想观念：通过调查显示，有85%的人认为打工最大的收获是开阔眼界，更新观念；大多数人认为进城打工最大的苦恼是想回家又不能回家和找不到合适的工作。87.1%的人认为外出打工对家庭影响最大的是子女教育和家人团聚。67.1%的人认为自己正慢慢融入城市生活，是半个城里人。

5、婚姻观念：有66.7%的人想嫁城里人，觉得生男生女都一样的占81.2%。大多数人认为男人以社会为主，女人以家庭为主，男人应承担一半的家务。

6、家庭生活：认为自己外出打工后在家庭中的地位提高很多、提高一点、没有变化的各占1/3。绝大多数人没有被丈夫打过。

7、业余生活：打工妇女业余时间常去的公共场所是市民广场，主要的娱乐方式是看电视、逛街。最亲近的朋友是老乡、同事。

8、未来愿望：有84.5%的人打算长期生活在城市，未来三年打算在城里干下去的占95%。有90%的人想参加同致富有关的组织。

9、对城市的看法：多数人认为城市人的素质和农村人差不多，但瞧不起农村人，有点冷漠。认为城市的卫生状况、生活条件比农村好。

二、存在问题

1、综合素质有待提高。调查显示，打工前参加过培训的人占33.8%，未参加培训的占66.2%。有50%的人知道劳动法、原创：合同法，而知道《妇女权益保障法》的人仅占22.2%。大多数人是通过媒体宣传报道、相关书籍、街头法制宣传活动了解法律法规。由此反映出打工者的劳动技能较差，对自己的权益缺乏保护意识。

2、维权力度有待加大。在被调查者中，大多数人工作时间不少于10小时。如果加班，单位或雇主付加班费的仅占32.4%。有62.8%的人与所在单位没有签订劳动合同，所在单位提供保险的仅占29.7%，81.2%的人所在单位不提供妇女病普查。只有33.3%的人在城里参加过选举。当务工妇女的权益受到侵害时，只有35.8%的人寻求政府或妇联的帮助，其余的选择向同事、亲友寻求帮助。

三、几点建议

针对农村务工妇女工作、生活中存在的问题，建议：

1、加大培训力度。通过举办各类技能培训班，加强对务工妇女的技能培训，提高务工妇女的技术水平。同时，通过讲座、街头宣传咨询活动扩大各种法律法规知识的宣传面、覆盖面，增强务工妇女的法律意识和自我保护能力。

杜甫的名诗范文5

【关键词】 中医学 中药 临床研究 随机对照试验 循证医学

1 Introduction

It is generally accepted that all health interventions， including traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)， should be as safe as possible prior to adopting them in clinical practice. There is a common misconception that herbal materials - including those used in TCM， known as Chinese materia medica (CMM) are harmless to humans because they come from natural sources ［1］. In fact， TCM may cause serious adverse effects (AEs) when adulterated or used incorrectly. Although the potential toxicity of specific CMM interventions has attracted more attention worldwide as the use of herbal interventions increases ［2， 3］， most researches on TCM continue to focus almost exclusively on establishing efficacy and effectiveness. Our previous study reported that only 30% of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of TCM reported AEs， and most of them were too vague on this topic for readers to appropriately determine the safety of the TCM interventions studied. Better reporting on AEs in RCTs of TCM is therefore required.

The Draft Consolidated Standards for Reporting Trials of Traditional Chinese Medicine (CONSORT for TCM) were published in Chinese and English in 2007 ［4， 5］ to solicit feedback from experts in different specialties. In that draft， one checklist item addressed the reporting of safety of TCM interventions. Upon further consideration， it became apparent that a single checklist item to address the issue of safety was not enough. The extension of the CONSORT statement on reporting of harm ［6］ has addressed how to illustrate the AEs in RCT of Western pharmaceuticals. Since it is essential to transparently illustrate the AEs of RCTs for all interventions， including those used in TCM， this article aims to enhance awareness of safety issues for TCM interventions by promoting improved reporting by 1) summarizing the types of AEs reported with TCM; 2) examining the impact of AEs on RCTs with TCM; and 3) formulating the reporting structure. The corresponding revisions of the draft CONSORT for TCM are also recommended.

2 Types of AEs

CMM products used in TCM can refer to materials of herbal， animal or mineral origin. Normally， AEs associated with CMM products used in TCM could be pided into five types as follows.

2.1 Unpredictable AEs Theoretically， TCM interventions are prescribed by clinical practitioners according to the golden principle of treatment based on syndrome differentiation. Even if this principle is followed， AEs cannot be entirely avoided， and toxicity (acute or chronic) or allergic reactions may occur. For example， Caulis Aristolochia manshuriensis (Guanmutong) is a commonly used Chinese herb in clinical practice， and has attracted attention for its significant nephrological toxicity in the last two decades ［79］. The major compound in C.A. manshuriensis， aristolochic acid， induces acute tubular necrosis in the kidney， thus resulting in significant toxicity. But based on the Chinese medicine theories， it cannot be predicted. Allergy is another AE associated with the usage of TCM interventions ［10］ including allergic shock， allergic asthma and allergic purpura. Although a previous history of allergy to herbs can remind the practitioner to be careful， this knowledge is of little value for patients who have not previously been exposed to these allergens.

2.2 AEs arising from improper use TCM drug must be used according to TCM principles， and improper usage may result in AEs. Typically， improper usage involves 1) prescription without following the TCM therapeutic principles; 2) overdosage; 3) improper processing and preparation methods; 4) improper formulas.

Firstly， prescriptions should be based on the TCM treatment principles. If these principles are not obeyed， potentially efficacious interventions may produce AEs. For example， Rhizoma Coptidis (Huanglian) is very cold in nature and bitter in taste. Used properly， it can clear heat， dry dampness， drain fire and expel toxicity. Used improperly， it may damage the spleen and stomach resulting in nausea， vomiting， stomachache and loss of appetite in the short term; over the long term， improper usage may result in spleen qi deficiency. If the TCM theories are strictly followed， these AEs could be avoided.

Secondly， overdosage is another common reason for AEs with TCM intervention. For example， most AEs related to the root of Herba Asari (Xixin) are because of high dosages. Traditionally， the limitation of daily dosage of H. Asari is less than 3 grams， although debate exists on this topic ［11］. Another typical case of overdosage is Herba Ephedra (Mahuang). Although there is no clinical evidence from any RCT to support the effect of H. Ephedra on weight loss， it continues to be used for this indication at doses much higher than the traditional dosage， which has resulted in AEs ［12］.

Thirdly， the processing and/or preparation method should be selected based on reducing the potential toxicity of herbs and formulas， since improper processing and/or preparation can increase the possibility of AEs. For example， Radix Aconiti (Wutou) should only be used in its processed form and should be boiled separately for at least 45 minutes before boiling together with other components in a formula to reduce the possibility of aconite poisoning， which may lead to toxicity in patients ［13］.

Furthermore， failure to follow basic TCM principles during the formulation of TCM formula may result in AEs as it is well known that some CMMs are incompatible with others and should not be combined in formulations. The most important guidelines are the "eighteen incompatible herbs" and the "nineteen antagonistic herbs". At the same time， an appropriate combination of CMMs can enhance therapeutic effects and reduce harmful side effects.

2.3 AEs arising from contamination Heavy metal and pesticide contamination in TCM interventions are major concerns and can result in AEs. The growing conditions as well as the processing procedures and preparation process may contribute to these contaminations ［14］. They are known to have caused serious AEs， and will continue to be a serious concern. For example， mercury contamination can cause neurological disorders and nephrotoxicity ［15］. It may also result in depression， irritability， forgetfulness， confusion， tremor， sensory disturbances， visual deficits， hearing loss， movement disorders and cognitive disturbances， etc ［16］. Contamination with mercury in herbs can cause serious AEs ［17］. In addition， contamination from nonTCM pharmaceutical products in TCM intervention is another potential source of serious AEs. For example， a clinical trial found that PCSPES， which is a proprietary formulation containing eight herbs that was marketed by Botanic Lab (Brea， CA) from 1966 to 2002， has side effects including reduced libido， hot flashes， diarrhoea， dyspepsia， leg cramps， nipple tenderness， and gynaecomastia， pulmonary emboli deep vein thrombosis， a transient severe bleeding diathesis ［18］. These side effects were due to product contamination with diethylstilbestrol and warfarin and caused the withdrawal of this formula from the market in 2002 ［19］.

2.4 AEs arising from misidentification of CMMs There are many cases of confusion in species of CMM， and there are many reasons for the various types of confusion. A particular herb used in TCM may have different subspecies， each with a different use. For example， Radix Glycyrrhizae is used in Zemaphyte for atopic dermatitis ［15］. Sometimes， the incorrect species could take the place of the intended species， thus leading to AEs. The first reported toxicity case involving aristolochic acid in Hong Kong was caused by mistaken use of Aristolochia mollissima Hance (Xungufeng) instead of the aristolochic acidfree CMM Solanum lyratum Thunb (Baiying)， and this misuse resulted in renal failure and malignant urothelial changes ［20］.

2.5 AEs arising from drugherb interaction Potential herbdrug interactions continue to attract more and more attention due to possible AEs ［2123］. Although it is believed that TCM could perhaps play an auxiliary role when combined with Western pharmaceuticals in the management of some diseases， including certain forms of cancer， there is generally insufficient evidence to support the efficacy and safety of such combination therapies. Herbal products may interfere with the metabolic process of pharmaceuticals (e.g. pharmacokinetic interference)， thus leading to AEs. For example， Ginseng， one of the most widely used dietary supplements， is well known to interact with warfarin. And also， ginsengosides exert a hypoglycaemic effect， which may enhance the actions of oral hypoglycaemic drugs and insulin ［2］. Therefore， when these herbs and drugs are used together， possible negative drugherb interaction could happen.

3 The need to concisely report AEs of RCT with TCM drug intervention

AEs associated with the use of TCM should be properly reported as overestimation or underestimation will constitute misinformation for both patients and healthcare providers. In this area， evidence speaks volumes. Where does evidence come from? It comes from clinical practice， especially from clinical trials such as RCTs. It is well known that RCT is an effective tool to determine the efficacy of an intervention on a welldefined disease or a series of symptoms， and also provides valuable evidence regarding safety by identifying the potential risks and AEs associated with an intervention. Therefore， RCTs of TCM should transparently report not only efficacy， but all related AEs in the trial. Failure to report AEs will invite unjustified confidence in the safety of TCM. Sufficient details about AEs should be provided to enable readers to fully understand the safety of the herbs used. In addition， reports of AEs should be interpreted in relation to therapeutic efficacy， method of assessment， and underlying causality on the basis of both TCM theory and conventional medicine， to help readers assess the safety of specific TCM interventions.

转贴于

4 Structure for reporting AEs

In order to give readers a comprehensive understanding about the safety of TCM interventions， background information on known or suspected side effects of each CMM constituent in the study intervention， as well as specific outcome assessment on AEs， details of reported AEs， and the interpretation of the AEs should be included in a report of AEs in RCTs of TCM.

4.1 Background information on AEs Before a TCM intervention enters into an RCT， initial analysis and review of the safety of the intervention is necessary. The safety background information of the TCM drug should be briefly summarized. The data may come from literature review or preclinical pharmacology/toxicology testing.

4.2 Specific outcome assessment Outcome measures specific to safety surveillance should be addressed， as well as details regarding other assessments related to treatment efficacy. Selection rationale， concrete assessment method， and reference standards should also be defined and explained. If the occurrence of specific AEs is to be used as one of the terminal evaluation criteria， its underlying rationale should also be determined and described.

4.3 Details of reported AEs All AEs discovered in treatment and control groups， regardless of severity， must be transparently reported. The details should include clear definition of each AE， time of occurrence， frequency in each group， degree of severity， and number of cases who withdrew or reduced their dose due to AEs. If no AEs were reported， authors should declare that "no AEs were reported"， instead of not mentioning AEs at all in the RCT report.

4.4 Interpretation All AEs reported should be interpreted， in terms of both TCM theory and conventional medicine， if applicable， including a discussion of the potential underlying causality.

5 Recommendations for revision of CONSORT for TCM

To better reveal the safety issues of CMM intervention， further modifications to the draft of CONSORT for TCM， with the addition of the following descriptive text to the item numbers were indicated and summarized in Table 1.

Table 1 Recommendations for revision of CONSORT for TCM

TopicItemAdditional descriptionBackground2State the AEs of each CMM in the study intervention and explain with the theories of TCM and conventional medicine， as appropriate.Objective3If the trial addresses both efficacy and safety， the objectives should state this.Intervention5Precisely list the method to minimize the toxicity of the intervention (e.g. special preparation， prolonged boiling process， etc)， if applicable.State any available information on safety assessment (e.g. acute toxicity test， chronic toxicity， and quality control on contamination， etc).Outcome6List the outcomes specific on safety issue with definition， concrete assessment method (e.g. how， when， and by whom， etc) and standard reference.Address the principles of study termination on safety issue， if applicable. Statistical method12Describe the methods used to present and determine the safety issue. Participant flow13Identify the number of withdrawals or those reducing dosages due to adverse effects in each group.Outcome and estimation17Describe the results with regard to safety for each group and the estimated effect size and its precision (e.g. 95% confidence interval).Ancillary analysis18Describe any subgroup analysis and exploratory analysis on safety issues.Adverse event19Report all AEs of each group in detail (e.g. name with clear definition in terms of TCM and/or Western medical terms， nature， time of occurrence， frequency， any recurrence， and degree of severity). If there are no adverse events to report， explicitly declare "no AEs should be reported".Interpretation20Interpret the adverse effects in terms of TCM theory and conventional medicine， and identify the potential underlying causes and any interaction with comedication， if applicable.Suggest advance study as appropriate.

6 Conclusion

The safety of an intervention is as important as its efficacy. AEs are a significant aspect of drug safety. In order to provide a clear profile of the safety of TCM intervention(s) in an RCT report， reporters should 1) present and discuss any information with regard to safety based on literature review or preclinical studies; 2) concisely describe the assessment protocol; 3) completely list any and all AEs that occurred in their trials; and 4) discuss possible causes. We wish these guidelines can help researchers improve their reporting of AEs and thereby improve the quality of their studies， and also help readers critically evaluate the safety profile of tested interventions.

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杜甫的名诗范文6

关键词：唐代文学;高考;全国卷

作为教育考试的核心环节，高考卷中的每一道题都是出卷者精心设计的。在全国高考语文卷中，绝大部分的唐代部分都是以诗歌鉴赏为主。放眼近20年的高考全国卷，唐代诗歌鉴赏以杜甫、李白、王维等唐代著名诗人为主，但是近年来一些耳熟能详的诗歌也开始出现在高考语文卷上。

一、高考诗歌鉴赏中的“名家”

只要一提到唐代诗人，许多人会脱口而出李白、杜甫、白居易等。笔者在整理近20年的高考全国卷时发现，除了一些年份没有考到唐代文学，基本上这20年里每一年都有会涉及到唐代诗词的考试，且一些著名诗人的诗歌会换多种形式进行考察，由此我们不难发现，唐代文学的重要性，唐代这些著名诗人重要的历史价值。

如表1，刘禹锡诗作连续两年成为高考的题目，且分值都相对较大。诗仙李白的诗作依旧是语文学科的考察重点;杜甫，其作品对我国古典诗歌的影响深渊，考查较多。此外，韩愈、王维、杜牧、白居易、王勃等也考试较多。

近20年的语文高考中，除了以上这些名家，我们也不难发现还有像修睦和李华这样的作者。李华，作为唐代诗人，其尽管没有以上几位诗人的成就，但是其创作的《春行寄兴》也是那个时代不可多得的好诗。修睦，所留下的诗句并不多，作为唐末五代的诗人，他的影响力也远远不及李白、杜甫等人，但是他的作品也在那个时代引起巨大的轰动。

从表1中，我们不难发现唐代文学的考察都是具有良好的教育意义，这与高考的考察初衷是一致的，无论是韩愈的《师说》、还是李白的《蜀道难》等，都具有较好的教育意义，因此这些诗人的诗作出现在高考卷上也是意料之中的事。

二、高考诗歌鉴赏中的“名家”选择取向分析

从恢复高考后，高考诗歌鉴赏从原来的探索，到现在形成的命题取向，高考诗歌鉴赏的发展具有积极的现实意义。

首先，其符合语文课程标准。选择古代诗歌教学，是要培养学生热爱祖国文学，能够有效理解和运用祖国的语言文字，并培养学生的预感，提高学生对传统文化的热爱。唐代诗歌在我国文学历史上地位卓越，刘禹锡、李白、杜甫等人的诗歌影响着唐代诗歌的发展方向，同时这些诗人的文学成就对后代的文学发展也具有极大的促进作用。

其次，选择“名家的作品”或“名诗”进行考察，能够让学生了解那个辉煌的历史，也能够帮助学生梳理那个朝代的发展方向。而“名诗”考察体现了高考考察的全面性，对于学生全面了解那个时代的文学具有较好的知道意义。

学习是一个发展的过程，应当从发展的角度去看待古代文学的内容价值，也应当去了解那个时代文学创作者的创作思想，用现代的观念重新审视那些作品，对其存在的积极意义和历史局限予以客观的评价。

三、总结

纵观近20年来的唐代诗歌考察，我们不难领悟出卷者的考察意图。一个民族精神的源泉就是一个民族的传统文化，无论是高考复习，还是在日常教学过程中都应当教会学生感受本民族的传统文化，并抓住规律，在学习名家作品的同时，也不能忽视那些“名诗”背后的作者，这是考点，也是一种学习的态度。

参考文献：