露丝玛莉范例6篇

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露丝玛莉范文1

师:上课!

班长:起立!敬礼!

师:男子汉请站着!女孩子们请坐下!

师:父亲长年在外打工的请站着!其他同学请坐下!

师:我想问一下站着的几位男子汉,你父亲长年不在家,你在家是如何做的?每人说一句,说一点,说完就请坐下。

生1:妈妈生病时,我会去照顾她。

生2:爸爸不在家时,我帮妈妈做一些家务活。如烧开水、扫地、洗衣服等。

生3:我会帮妈妈干些重体力活,来减轻妈妈的负担。

生4:我会很认真地读书,尽量不让妈妈为我的学习担心。

生5:妈妈累了,我会帮她捶捶背,妈妈心情不好时,我会陪她说说话。

师:大家说他们做得好不好啊?

众生:好!

师:他们是不是真正的男子汉?

众生:是!

师:今天,我想带领大家认识另一位男子汉,他就是美国十岁的少年洛迪。我们看看在灾难到来之时,洛迪是怎样与洪水抗争,救护妈妈的。这篇课文的题目就是――

生齐答:《妈妈,我不让你死》

(师板书)

师:首先请大家大声地自由地朗读课文,并思考这样两个问题:(投影)

①这篇课文写了一件什么事?

②故事情节是如何发展的?

(生自由朗读课文)

师:朗读好课文之后,我想请同学回答第一个问题。这篇课文写了一件什么事?请用一句话概括。

生6:这篇文章写的是美国十岁的少年洛迪在洪水中勇敢地救妈妈的故事。

师:说得很好。不过,我们在考试中还会遇到这样一种情况,就是不但让你用一句话概括,还限定了字数。今天我们也来练习一下。这篇文章写了一件什么事?请用一句话概括,不超过8个字。

生7:十岁少年水中救母。

师:大家说概括得怎么样?

生齐答:太好了。

师:我想请这位同学总结一下,你是怎样概括的?用什么句式?

生7:用陈述句,主谓句式,即谁做什么。

师:很好。故事情节是如何发展的?老师在课前总结了第一步,那就是“洪水中救母”,不过,老师还有三个暂时没能完成,请大家帮我完成。(用实物投影仪投影:洪水中救母――)

师:请大家思考,老师的概括有什么特点?“洪水中”交代的是――

生:地点。

师:“救母”交代的是――

生:事件。

师:请你模仿这个句式到课文中筛选相关信息回答。

生8:浅水中守母、空房中护母。

生9补充:大路上送母。

师:小洛迪真了不起!他身上一定有很多东西值得我们学习。你最欣赏洛迪的是什么?请从文中找到相关语句,并有感情地朗读。

师:先请大家自己认真思考,再在小组中互相交流、朗读。

(生思考,小组交流后班级交流)

生10:洛迪的责任感是我最欣赏的。如课文第六小节,洛迪想起爸爸的话,想到自己身上的男子汉责任,就毅然松开手去救妈妈。“洛迪惊恐地看着妈妈消失在黑暗中。这时他想起了爸爸的话,放开电线杆去追妈妈。洛迪还不太会游泳,只会‘狗爬式’,但他要救妈妈,不能让妈妈死。”

(板书“责任心”)

师:她在朗读时注意了什么?

生齐答:注意了重音。

师:如“惊恐”“不能”等。

师:还有谁来发表自己的意见?

生11:我最欣赏洛迪的是他的毅力。在洪水中他保护妈妈,就是在最困难的时候也不放弃。如第七节,“就在这一刹那。海伦和洛迪又被卷进激流,洛迪的一只手拉着挂在妈妈脖子上的提包带子,双腿不停地蹬水,空着的一只手不顾一切地划水。几分钟后,他手脚发软了,游不动了,可他想起爸爸的话,便一次次鼓起劲头,坚持游下去。有好几次,他都哭着想:‘游不动了,再也游不动了……’可小洛迪并没有沉下去,他保护着妈妈,在冰凉湍急的洪水中坚持了整整三个钟头。”

师:他的朗读很有感情。我们平常一再强调有感情地朗读。所谓有感情地朗读,就是要――

生齐答:全身心投入。

师:全身心地投入就是要把自己想像成是小洛迪,妈妈此时还在洪水中挣扎,我一定要保护妈妈,我不能放弃。

下面让我们酿酝一下感情,齐读课文第七小节。

(生齐读第七小节)

生12:我欣赏洛迪所表现出的对妈妈无微不至的照顾。如课文第九小节“天快亮时,洛迪发现了一间无人的空房子,他帮着妈妈爬过去,又费了九牛二虎之力,把差不多不省人事的妈妈拖进屋里,再把地上的一堆草分出一半作‘床’,让妈妈躺上去,将另一半盖在妈妈身上,然后,坐在一旁守护着。”

师:说得很明确,读得也太好了,让我们用掌声给以鼓励。

(生热烈鼓掌)

师:小洛迪为什么能舍身救母?一方面是他的责任心、爱心,还有没有什么外在原因促使小洛迪这样做?

生13:是爸爸的话使小洛迪受到了鼓舞,他一直牢记爸爸的话。

师:请你把爸爸的这句话读一下。

生14:课文第一节“洛迪,我要出门办事去了,你现在是家里惟一的男子汉,要好好照顾妈妈。”

师:请问这句话在文中起什么作用?

生15:为下文作铺垫。

师:回答语句在文中的作用,一般要从哪两个角度作答?

生齐答:内容和结构。

师:内容可从人物性格和文章中心两个方面去考虑。

师:刚才这位同学是从结构上作答了。现在再请一位同学补充完整。

生16:为下文写小洛迪男子汉精神作铺垫。

师:很好。课文中哪些话与这句话相照应?

生17:第六节中“这时他想起了爸爸的话”;第七节中“可他想起爸爸的话”。

师:还有没有?

生18:第十二小节“当爸爸不在家时,洛迪的确够得上‘男子汉’这一称号”。

师:因此“男子汉精神”贯串全文,在文中起了一个什么作用?

生齐答:线索作用。

师:洛迪是不是个男子汉?

生齐答:是。

师:学到这儿,老师倒有了一个疑问。那就是课文第二小节有这样一句话:“每逢爸爸不在家,洛迪就俨然是个撑门户的男子汉,帮帮妈妈照管农场和小牛。”“俨然”是什么意思?为什么说“洛迪就俨然是个撑门户的男子汉”?从文中筛选相关信息回答。

(投影题目)

(生查字典)

生纷纷答:极像、很像。

师:理解语句的意思,要读懂文章和问题。很显然,要回答这个问题,要把它分解成两个问题,一是――

生齐答:洛迪为什么是个撑门户的男子汉?

师:二是――

生齐答:为什么洛迪很像个撑门户的男子汉?

师:好,我请同学回答。

生19:洛迪能帮帮妈妈照管农场和奶牛,但洛迪还只有10岁。

师:还有什么吗?请继续筛选信息。

生20:洛迪能帮帮妈妈照管农场和奶牛,洛迪还能照顾妈妈,虽然洛迪只有10岁。

师:说得很好。我们说此时洛迪有责任心,有要照顾妈妈的强烈意识,但洛迪还不能说是一个顶天立地的男子汉。真正能体现洛迪顶天立地男子汉精神的是――

生齐答:洛迪水中救母。

(板书“男子汉”)

师:因此我们还可以这样认为,这句话在文章结构中也起到了一个为下文作铺垫的作用,和下文相照应,并且和结尾“当爸爸不在家时,洛迪的确够得上‘男子汉’”这一称号首尾呼应。

师:洛迪有如此强烈的责任心,源于他对妈妈的一种什么样的感情?

生:爱。

(板书“爱心”)

师:学了这篇文章,老师对人世间的爱有了一点肤浅的认识,那就是“爱是强大的精神支柱,它能够使人绝处逢生;爱是驱散黑暗的阳光,它能够给人带来温暖”。老师出了这样一个题目,请你用仿写的形式谈谈你对人世间的爱有怎样深切的认识。

(投影仿写题目)

(生思考,写在纸上,老师巡视,顺手收了几个同学的习作,有几个同学发现后也主动交给老师。)

师:我想先请几个同学站起来读一读,再把刚才收的几份习作展示给同学们。

生21:爱是黑夜中海上的灯塔,它能够使人在黑暗中找到前进的方向。爱是坚定不移的信念,它能够使人遇到挫折而更显得坚强。

生22:爱是熊熊的烈火,它能够燃尽世间的一切黑暗。爱是夜晚璀璨的繁星,它能够为你照亮前进的方向。

生23:爱是沙漠中的一只羊皮水囊,它能够给旅行者带来生的希望。爱是炎炎夏日里的一阵清风,它能够给行路人带来丝丝凉爽。

生24:爱是荒漠中的绿洲,它能够使人重见希望。爱是黑暗中一缕光明,它能够使人重见光明。

生25:爱是夏天的一阵凉风,它能够给人带来一片凉爽。爱是一只神奇的魔法棒,它能够创造许多奇迹。

生26:爱是一把伞,它能够为人们遮风挡雨。爱是春天的第一束阳光,它能够融化人们内心的苦痛。

师:由于时间关系,我再请刚才交上来的同学读一读你们的仿写。

(用实物投影仪投影学生的仿写)

生27:爱是黑暗中的一盏灯,它能够给人带来光明。爱是一株蒲公英,它能够播撒爱的种子。

生28:爱是春天里的一场细雨,它能够滋润世界万物。爱是黑暗中的一盏明灯,它能够照亮每一个角落。

生29:爱是呼啸的龙卷风,它能够释放最强的活力。爱是一束蒲公英,它能够随风播撒爱的种子。

生30:爱是游子身上的一件破袄,它能够给缺暖的你带来温暖。爱是一双永远穿不破的鞋,它能够给你勇往直前的强大动力。

师:说得太好了。“爱是游子身上的一件破袄,它能够给缺暖的你带来温暖;爱是一双永远穿不破的鞋,它能够给你勇往直前的强大动力。”“只要人人都付出一点爱,世界将变成――美好的人间”。(师生齐说)韦唯《爱的奉献》道出了爱的真谛,道出了爱的意义。爱就是奉献,爱就是不图回报,只要付出的无私奉献。爱是生命之歌唱响的主旋律。我们每一个人都要从小培养一颗爱心。爱,从我们身边做起。爱父母、爱亲朋,爱同学、爱老师,爱班级、爱学校,爱我们的祖国,爱我们身边的一切。

师:男子汉们,你们有没有爱心?

男生:有!

师:有没有责任心!

男生:有!

师:你们是不是真正的男子汉?

男生:是!

师:你们有没有做得最好?

(男女生齐笑。一男生低低说“做得好”。)

师:看来还有点欠缺。你们想不想做得更好?

男生:想!

师:你们心中有没有一个目标?

男生:有!

师:下面我想请所有的同学都拿起笔,描述一下你心目中的男子汉形象。

(生动笔。师补充:第一句话应该写“我心目中的理想的男子汉形象是――”。生写,师巡视,选取有代表性的收上来,有几个学生主动交上他们写的内容。)

师:我请大家来描述一下你心目中的男子汉形象。

生31:我心目中理想的男子汉是要能屈能伸。在困难面前挺身而出,在强权面前不是“敢死队”,而是忍受一时之屈。男子汉嘛,当然少不了有力的臂膀和责任心了。

生32:我心目中理想的男子汉是集爱心、责任感于一体的人。他会给无助的朋友带来希望;会在他人落入困难时义无反顾地伸出援助之手;会勇敢地挑起生活的重担;会笑对人生中的苦难……

生33:我心目中男子汉的形象是有正义感,有强烈的责任心,能够独当一面,面对人生挫折能用笑脸相迎,当然必须要有爱心和爱国精神。

生34:我心目中理想的男子汉是高大、威武、气宇轩昂,不因任何一次失败而放弃,要勇于斗争。

生35:我心目中理想的男子汉是应该有烈火般的激情和昂扬的气概,遇事有责任心,冷静沉着,永不放弃。抱有远大的理想,为祖国的明天贡献力量。

(生踊跃举手)

师:要下课了,我们还是请交上来的同学读一读,大家看好了,听好了。

(用实物投影仪依次投影学生习作)

生36:我心目中理想的男子汉是:①有责任感,爱祖国,爱人民;②要有同情心,要懂得让着女生,要知道女士优先的道理,要有高尚品质;③见义勇为,要拿得起,放得下,不怕困难。

生37:我心目中理想的男子汉是一个顶天立地,勇敢、冷静、沉着的人,对人人都充满爱与关怀。在困难来临时,他会第一个去承担,甚至可以牺牲生命。

生38:我心目中理想的男子汉是一个能屈能伸,有责任心,重感情,能担当大任,勇于拼搏,面对危险能做到舍生取义的人。

生39:我心目中理想的男子汉形象:他的个子可以不高,但在孩子的心中,他非常高大;他的身体可以不够强壮,但在家庭困难时,他能扛得住千斤的重量;他可以粗心大意,但在母亲的病床前,他总是那么细心;他可以不够学识渊博,但在爱人心中,他永远是爱的港湾。

生40:我心目中理想的男子汉应当有理想与拼搏的糅合;有坚强与毅力的支撑;有责任与使命的庄严;有爱与恨的边缘分界;有谎言与真理的争辩;有奉献与获取的分辨。

师:女孩子们,你们需要不需要男子汉精神?

女生齐答:需要!

师:老师心目中也有一个理想的男子汉形象。老师想把它赠给大家。不过,老师有一个小小的要求,那就是请在座的所有同学你们的《男子汉宣言》《巾帼宣言》。

师:全体起立!举起右手!

(用实物投影仪投影《男子汉(巾帼)宣言》)

师生齐读:

男子汉(巾帼)宣言

我们要有爱心,有恒心,有毅力,有责任心,有事业心,有使命感;我们不怕困难,不退缩,不气馁,不娇气;我们会辨别是非,我们能团结友爱。我们要做新时代的顶天立地的男子汉(巾帼英雄)。

师:从这气吞山河的气势中,我相信大家一定会向这个方向努力,一定会做得很好,因为男儿当――

师生齐:自强!

师:下课!

班长:敬礼!

露丝玛莉范文2

关键词:马齿苋;放线菌;菌株

中图分类号:G642 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1674-9324(2014)32-0168-02

植物内生菌是一类相对未开发的微生物资源,目前已经受到越来越多学者的关注。据报道,近年来发现的新的生物活性物质有51%分离自植物内生菌的新物种,而仅有38%分离自土壤微生物,可见植物内生菌资源巨大的开发潜力。植物内生菌普遍存在于目前已经研究过的各种类型的植物中。目前全世界至少已在80多个属290多种禾本科植物中发现有内生真菌。20世纪70年代后期,内生菌在一些重要的经济林木,如冷杉、云杉、紫杉等植物树皮、枝叶中相继被发现并得到了广泛的研究。同时在多种灌木、草本植物以及栽培植物、果树等发现了大量的内生菌。从目前研究来看,尚未发现没有分离到内生菌的植株,因此可以推断内生菌在马齿苋体内是普遍存在的。马齿苋(Portulaca oleracea L.)为马齿苋科一年生草本植物,《中华人民共和国药典》2010年版记载,马齿苋的功能与主治包括:清热解毒,凉血止血,止痢。用于热毒血痢,痈肿疔疮,湿疹,丹毒,蛇虫咬伤,便血,痔血,崩漏下血。其药用价值体现为以下几个方面:预防和治疗糖尿病、降血脂和防治动脉粥样硬化、抗病毒、抗氧化、抗肿瘤和提高机体免疫、抗细菌作用等六个方面。放线菌一直是抗生素、酶和酶抑制剂等有用生理活性物质的主要产生菌。云南独特的气候环境蕴藏着丰富的生物资源,马齿苋内生放线菌的研究意义重大。

一、菌种的分离

植物内生菌大多生存于植物组织的内部,它们或定植于植物组织细胞内部或定植于组织细胞之间,与植物组织紧密相连。植物内生菌的这一定植特点必然会给内生菌的分离带来较大的障碍。内生菌与植物组织是否能达到较为充分的分离,成为影响植物内生菌分离的一个重要环节。

1.分离菌株的多样性分析。通过形态观察、气生菌丝、基内菌丝、可溶性色素的比较等进行排除重复,将这些菌株进行培养,分别提取其基因组DNA,并根据细菌的16S rRNA基因通用引物来扩增已筛选出来的16S rRNA基因,同时进行16S rRNA基因序列测定,按照Cui等使用的方法进行。将分离株的16S rRNA基因序列提交到GenBank进行基因注册,用Blast搜索软件从GenBank、DDBJ和ENBL等公共数据库中进行相似性搜索,调处相似性最高的相关菌株的16S rRNA基因序列,用相关软件进行序列比对、相似性计算、进化距离矩阵计算、聚类分析和系统进化树构建等系统发育分析。采用16S rRNA基因序列相似性小于97%的菌株属于不同物种的归类原则,采用Shannon winner指数(H)和均匀度指数(E)估算多样性。

2.内生放线菌的抗癌、抑菌活性筛选。放线菌作为一种重要的微生物资源,从中筛选抗生素类物质的几率要远比其他类群的微生物高。随着微生物资源研究的深入,从传统的土壤放线菌中寻找新的具生物活性的物质越来越难。近年来,人们从微生物中分离得倒的化合物,有近99.9%是重复发现的。因此必须不断开发新的微生物菌种资源来寻找新的微生物次级代谢活性物质,而内生菌作为一个相对未开放的资源,是新基因和新物种的一个丰富而可靠的资源,新基因和新物种通常又意味着新的天然产物及新的活性物质。马齿苋内生放线菌作为一个新的微生物资源,蕴含着丰富的放线菌类群,从这些内生放线菌菌群出发进行活性物质的筛选工作,或许能寻找到新的抗癌药物或抗生素类物质

二、新的物种的鉴定

对马齿苋的内生放线菌进行分离培养中,加入得到了一株极有可能为新种的放线菌,应当对该菌作进一步的多相分类鉴定。

1.形态和培养特征。形态观察,将菌株接种在含培养基的平板上,进行埋片培养,先用光学显微镜观察形态,并选择生长密度适宜的埋片喷金镀膜,进行电镜观察。参照国际链霉菌规划中有关放线菌的培养特征描述所采用的标准培养基进行。观察基内菌丝、气生菌丝的生长情况和颜色,可溶性色素是否产生及产生的颜色。

2.生理生化特征。菌株的生理生化特征的选择主要根据伯杰氏手册中相应属、种有关内容进行。主要有PH耐受实验、盐浓度耐受实验、温度实验、唯一碳、氮源生长实验、酶的产生、明胶液化、牛奶胨化和凝固、纤维素生长、硝酸盐还原、硫化氢产生、尿素的利用和黑色素的产生等实验。

3.细胞化学特征。利用快速薄层层析法进行全细胞氨基酸及全细胞水解液糖型的分析。参照Minnikin和Collins,M.D.的方法进行磷酸类脂的提前、纯化及组分分析。参照Collins,M.D.的方法进行醌的提取和分析。用高压液相来分析醌型。使用全自动细菌鉴定系统来进行脂肪酸组分的分析。

4.分子分类研究。内容主要有:基因组DNA的提取和16S rRNA基因序列的扩增;系统发育分析;DNA G+C含量的测定;DNA-DNA分子杂交。

参考文献:

[1]Menting,J.G.,et al.,How insulin engages its primary binding site on the insulin receptor. Nature,2013,493(7431):241-5.

[2]王晓波,et al.马齿苋多糖对S_(180)荷瘤小鼠免疫功能的影响.天然产物研究与开发,2005,(4):453-456.

[3]吴娟 ,谢英.马齿苋合剂水提取液对感染单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型小鼠免疫功能的影响.河南中医学院学报,2007,(3):25-27.

[4]张秀娟,et al.马齿苋体外抗菌作用的实验研究.中国微生态学杂志,2002,(5):33-36.

[5]Cui,X.L.,et al.Streptimonospora salina gen. nov.,sp. nov.,a new member of the family Nocardiopsaceae. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol,2001. 51(Pt 2):357-63.

[6]Saitou,N. and M. Nei.The neighbor-joining method:a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol,1987,4(4):406-25.

露丝玛莉范文3

关键词:小城镇;历史街区;保护

Abstract: With the protection of historical and cultural deepening, more and more small towns are also gradually develop the protection of historic districts, because differences in the characteristics of the town itself, on the protection of historic districts are different ideas.Key words: small towns; historic district; protection

TU984

一、前言

在我国行政体制的框架下,城市规划职能在纵向上大致可分为五级,“镇”处于国家最低一级的管理层次。镇一级的行政机构设置、职能配置、人员编制、财政体制等方面与城市的行政管理体系仍有一定的差距。随着历史文化保护工作的不断深入,越来越多的小城镇也逐步开展历史街区的保护工作,由于镇自身特点的差异,对历史街区的保护思路也有所不同。笔者以嘉兴王江泾一里街历史街区为例,来探寻小城镇历史街区的保护思路。

二、文化内涵的挖掘

一里街历史街区位于王江泾镇中心区域,东靠京杭大运河,西侧紧挨07省道,北至万福路,南至王江泾镇中心小学。整个保护范围面积约为8.84公顷,范围内有文保单位2处,其中长虹桥为省级文保单位。一里街历史街区核心区东到塘口,西至浔阳桥,北面到长虹影剧院,南边紧邻闻溪。核心保护区面积为1.77公顷,其中保护较好的传统民居有3处。

1、保存完好的历史街巷

一里街:自射襄桥至济阳桥,东连长虹桥,西通苏嘉公路,长500米,宽2米。一里街一直以来都是是王江泾的商贸集市,街宽仅一米,狭长如带,明代即形成丝绸贸易集镇,所以当时的一里街丝绸店铺林立,又称为丝行街。在时被烧了七天七夜,镇上大部分建筑被毁,仅一里街依然遗存着古老建筑的格局并散发出一些古风旧貌。沿街支弄繁多,有镇西弄、朱家弄、堂楼弄、曹家弄、淘沙弄、史家弄。

2、丰富的历史遗存

(1)一宿庵

一宿庵位于长虹桥西侧,原名一粟庵,相传唐有一高僧云游四方,去南海途中在此住过一夜。又相传乾隆皇帝曾在此住过一夜,改名为一宿庵。史料记载:一宿庵的始建年代不详,清咸丰年间曾遭兵毁,同治被重建,光绪年间又募银四千二百余两重建,并筑有五桂轩、晚霞阁等,但在“”中全部被毁。现一宿庵的前殿设有四大金刚和建造此庵的石碑,正殿为大雄宝殿,其门楣上挂有原一宿庵的古镜,从古镜中可看到长虹桥的行人,为庵中一宝。正殿中间为千手观音塑像,高6米,共有1068只手,该像金壁辉煌、气势壮观,正殿南侧为天下都城隍殿,设有城隍、夫人、太子、关帝等四尊像,是嘉兴盛泽一带做佛事的主要场所。

(2)传统民居

具有一定规模保持较好的传统民居主要有3处:朱家弄(一里街235—261号);堂楼弄(一里街207—219号);淘沙弄。建筑空间群落保存较好,能较好的反应当时居民生活的历史环境。

(3)长虹桥

长虹桥位于一里街东部,东西横跨京杭大运河,为浙江平原在软基上修建的最大石拱桥,建于明万历三十九年至天启元年(1611-1621)。长虹桥为三孔实腹薄墩联拱桥,桥长72.8米,中孔净跨约16.5米,两边孔各跨9.3米,是纵联分节并列砌的半圆石拱。桥顶宽4.9米,阶梯陡斜长30米,各有57级石阶从中孔斜至路面平,石阶和桥西栏用长条石组成,朝里凿成可供人坐的弧形。坡桥孔内砌有石纤道,现作为船舶的停靠站。

(4)闻店桥:这座桥在长虹桥北侧,单孔石拱,跨市河口,位置在运河长堤(纤塘)上。桥的始建年月已失记,可能曾在天启年末重修和清道光七年(1827)重建。

(4)闻店桥:这座桥在长虹桥北侧,单孔石拱,跨市河口,位置在运河长堤(纤塘)上。桥的始建年月已失记,可能曾在天启年末重修和清道光七年(1827)重建。

(5)济阳、浔阳两桥:虽然久已破敝,但喜其尚古,比照历来的题咏,有物可睹,不落空茫。两桥都是陶侍御建。

(6)炮楼:一里街西端南部存有炮楼,是侵华日军留下的遗物,是日本侵华在嘉兴的历史见证。

3、流传悠久的民间文化

网船会源远流长,已有几百年的历史,是江浙沪渔民自发性的民俗祭祀活动,也是江南最重要的民间民俗活动之一,其存在时间之长,规模之大,都是极为罕见的。目前准备申报全国非物质文化遗产。

庙会期间,无论远近,渔民都要挑着、抬着丰盛的祭品,供奉到刘王老爷面前,然后才是燃烛焚香,去化纸炉里烧掉随身带来的冥品。庙里的祭祀完成后,船民、渔民还会在岸上和船上举行祭祀活动,仪式大同小异,祭品也一律是猪头、猪蹄胖、肋条、全鸡、全鱼以及豆干豆腐等食品。

三、确立历史街区保护内容和格局

1、街区布局和特色

一里街是江南古镇典型的商街,历史悠久,曾经店铺鳞次栉比,也不乏传统老店号,随着小镇改革开放带来的快速发展,原有传统的集市已趋衰弱,但仍保留着传统的格局特色。老街与市河平行,南河北街。街道狭窄,两侧沿街建筑以平房为主,空间尺度极为紧凑。街东端与宽阔的大运河西侧纤塘相连,纤塘曾经是大运河上纤夫的必经要道,也是农民从河岸进入商街进行集市贸易的通道。一里街是研究运河文化、研究运河沿岸江南小镇发展兴旺的宝贵例证。

2、总体保护内容

重现王江泾商贾云集的历史环境,历史环境是一个城镇的记忆,也是历史街区的根基,破坏了历史环境就等于割断了这座城镇的根基。通过对相对完整的地段加以维修恢复,保持原有空间形态及建筑风格,功能为居住或传统商铺建筑。反映居民生活的特色庭院、特色空间要予以保留,不符合风貌要求的建筑应予以改造或拆除。沿街区域应保持原有的空间尺度,建筑功能以居住和不污染环境的公共建筑为主,建筑体量宜小不宜大,门、窗、墙体、屋顶等形式应与江南水乡传统建筑相符合,建筑高度以二层为主,色彩控制为黑、白、灰及栗色或原木色。原有架空电线杆、有线电视天线等有碍观瞻之物应改掉,路面应保持、恢复石板铺砌。

3、空间保护格局

空间保护格局为“一轴、一廊、一门户”

“一轴”,即以一里街为连续主轴线、贯穿整个历史街区,其他支路均与至垂直相交形成的鱼骨状分布格局;

“一廊”,即街区中与一里街平行的市河,作为街区内的重要空间景观保护视廊,是展现一里街历史街区典型江南水乡风貌特色的最好平台。

“一门户”,即街区东段龙头位置的长虹桥和一宿庵区域,是整个历史街区的起点也是中心,应在景观风貌控制上加大力度,成为本历史街区的“名片”。

4、保护措施

(1)重点保护——对街区中存有一定历史和艺术价值的建筑物及构筑物,如上表所列街巷、庙宇、民居院落、牌楼拱券、构筑物,实行原地保护,原样修复。

(2)普遍改善——街区中的其它传统风貌建筑,严格维修保持其外观风貌,不得改建和加建,但允许对建筑内部进行修整性改造和设施更新,以适应现代生活需要,此类建筑数量较多,规划采取普遍改善。

(3)大力整治——街区中少量的风貌差或违章搭建的建筑,规划采取大力整治,包括拆除、重建、整饬等方式,以达到环境风貌完整性的要求,拆除建筑的再建设.应符合历史风貌的要求。

(4)严格控制——控制用地功能,禁止非生活性用地;控制建筑体量、层数;控制合理的人口规模。

(5)合理利用——结合城镇建设和旅游开发,合理利用历史街区及保护建筑,使保护与利用互为促进。

四、制订历史街区保护举措

(1)管理机构——历史街区保护的主体

建议由镇党委和镇政府牵头,王江泾镇专门成立由镇领导、相关职能部门负责人、历史街区所在街道负责人共同组成的一里街历史街区管理委员会,由镇政府直接领导,以专门的管理结构加强对历史街区、传统文化遗存的保护。

(2)规划先行——历史街区保护的前提

目前该历史街区以编制了一里街修建性详细规划,建议进一步编制专项的历史街区保护规划来明确历史街区的保护范围、保护原则、保护目标和保护策略等内容。

(3)资金支持——历史街区保护的保障

为有效实现一里街历史街区保护与开发并重的发展目标,及时拯救损坏较严重的古建筑,政府除在支付计划内古建筑的修复费用外,还应每年定期拨款作为日常的管理经费。

露丝玛莉范文4

Key words: Mathematical Methods; The Calculus Teaching; Application Analysis

1. Introduction

With the continuous deepening of the reform of the higher education system in China, as the basic disciplines of higher mathematics, the auxiliary function has become increasingly prominent. Vocational calculus course, not only to help students master the mathematical knowledge, but also can effectively improve the quality of students' math. Therefore, the teaching of calculus is of great significance for the students in terms of vocational institutions. This article focuses on exploring the application of mathematical thinking in the teaching of calculus.

1.1 The mathematical way of thinking

Mathematical thinking refers to when the role of space in the form of the objective world or the relationship between the number of human consciousness, thinking activity of the brain, transforming the results. It is the understanding of math facts as well as the nature. In general, the main mathematical thinking: the argument thinking, functions and equations thinking of Idea and sampling statistical thinking. We often say that the mathematical method means: in the process of solving mathematical problems, to take a variety of steps, procedures and format, which is the means of implementation of mathematical thinking.

Mathematical thinking and mathematical methods are closely linked. The intrinsic relationship of thinking to a more profound reflects mathematical objects, and mathematical methods are its further generalization. The latter is the former activities of the carrier, in continuous problem-solving process, and gradually formed a mathematical thinking. Mathematical thinking, in turn, is the mathematical method, which has played a guiding role in the implication of mathematical methods.

1.2 Teaching principles of mathematical thinking

With respect to other mathematical sciences, Mathematical thinking has a certain degree of particularity. Including level, the process can be invasive and universality. Therefore, in the teaching process, you need to follow the following teaching principles:

1. Hierarchical principle. Learning of mathematical thinking should follow from low to high and gradually "up"; 2. Broad principles. Mathematical thinking throughout the entire teaching process of the mathematical knowledge and modern teaching objectives with emphasis on the practical teaching, teachers should pay attention to the point of knowledge demonstrated by the mathematical thinking summarize, to deepen understanding of the concept. 3. Permeability principles. The principle is that you want to abstract mathematical ideas penetrate into specific mathematical knowledge to guide students to understand knowledge, an understanding of the use of methods of thinking. 4. Destination principle. Since the mathematical thinking is included in the basics of mathematics, it is necessary to have a certain teaching objectives, the only way to do "targeted". 5. Systemic principle. Affected by the progress of mathematics teaching as well as time and other factors, mathematical thinking in the teaching arrangement showing a fragment, this is not conducive to constitute students' cognitive structure. Therefore, in order to focus on the mathematical way of thinking, and systematic induction, and then form a complete mathematical way of thinking teaching system. 6. Practicality. Clearly states that the new curriculum: Student teaching the subject. Mathematical thinking of the teaching processes, clearly the dominant position of students, and guides them to take the initiative to explore the formation and application of mathematical thinking.

2. The mathematical way of thinking in teaching calculus

2.1 Function of thinking in the teaching of calculus

Function ideological concept of function as well as the nature of deep-seated knowledge extraction, it belongs to a strategic math instruction method. Function idea is an ideological constraints and contact between the development of objective things change and things are reflected by means of a mathematical formula, its essence is the correspondence between the variables. Function equation also has a certain relation, when the function argument has the function value "relatively static", the "equation" is achieved.

Calculus is a discipline, which often makes use of the function of thinking to solve the problem by means of the extreme ideological function. For example: the derivative function is a special derivative. Monotonicity, the most value and extreme problem solving process, you need to use the function of thinking to solve. The close relationship between the function and the equation is self-evident, wherein the root of the equation can be regarded as the value of the function corresponding to the function in a particular situation, so, in particular, in the course of the study of the problem of equation Show that the equation number of roots, as well as solving the root, often think of the function of thinking. For example:

Example 1: Show that the equation x・4x = 1 at least one positive root and less than 1.

Proof: The problem is to prove that the function given in (0,1) there is a root.

Make F(x) = x・4x - 1 Function, we can see F(x) [0,1] is continuous, and F(0)=- 10, so, according to the zero theorem: between (0,1) there are at least a little ?浊 Such that f(?浊)= 0, i.e. equation x・4x - 1= 0 in the (0,1) between at least one root.

Example 1 is used in the function of thinking, discovers the existence of the equation root problem, and used in the process of proving the nature of the continuity of function.

2.2 The ultimate way of thinking in the teaching of calculus

The limit thinking is the infinite process of change-limited thinking. Reasonable "limited" and "unlimited" is to describe the transition from approximation to accurate. The main object of study is the trend "infinitesimal" development process. Plays an important role in teaching advanced mathematics. Only grasp the idea of limit can be able to continue to understand the mathematical concept of continuous, derivative and integral.

When things change, it must be movement. However, the course of the campaign also will include two kinds of gradual and abrupt. Limit the idea comes from the gradual process of things. For example: solving the curved edge area of the trapezium, the main solution process include: split up, straight on behalf of the song, product parts into a whole. Among them, the "three noes" is the trapezoidal any curved edges cut into many ditty trapezoid, whose aim is to promote "curved edge" infinitely close "straight edge". When the curved edge is divided trapezoidal infinitely close to the "rectangle", they can "straight" instead of "song", and use the formula of the rectangle to express the curved edge area of the trapezium formula. Then, all the "small rectangle" formula together constitutes the overall formula. The final step out of extreme values, we can approximate the actual area of the trapezoidal edge of the alternative music. Under normal circumstances, when divided on the curved edge of the trapezoidal more thin, the limit obtained the closer to the actual value of the area.

2.3 The idea of conversion in the teaching of calculus

The idea of conversion mainly refers to the need to address the problem of conversion thought it was due to have been resolved, or a relatively simple question up, so as to realize the purpose of solving problems. The core idea is to "simplify" and "conversion". Under normal circumstances, the Idea mainly includes three elements: Normalization of the object; normalized target; The Naturalization way. Among them, the "transformation" is the key. The Idea runs through mathematics teaching, which is the most widely used class of mathematical thinking. It is often used in the inverse trigonometric derivation composite function derivation process, Idea them into four algorithms that can be solved in the form of the derivative. The function monotonic and bump also will use to the Idea. In the calculation of the volume of rotating, it is transformed into a definite integral.

2.4 Analog thinking in the teaching of calculus

Analog idea is that by means of the "similarity" between things a way of thinking to solve the problem. Which constitutes the basis for understanding the formation and development of thinking. Analog method, we can simplify similar problem needs to solve the "problem" some properties can also be found through the "on". Calculus courses, many of the concepts are interrelated, there is a certain similarity between each other. Therefore, in teaching them, it should be good at using the intrinsic relationship of knowledge-summarized analogy. This way not only can help smooth the introduction of the new concept, the concept of the knowledge system, and thus achieving the "multiplier" effect.

For example: in calculus, calculus of functions of one variable and multi-function both above the basic concepts, problem-solving skills, and mathematical thinking there is a certain similarity, and relative to the multivariate function in terms of functions of one variable in the master much simpler. Therefore, when learning the concept of functions of one variable and the corresponding differential, integral is defined, and the nature and problem-solving skills, they can follow a similar approach to understand the concept of binary function and multi-function.

Economic class high number of textbooks, content on Probability and Statistics in the teaching process, it will often use the idea of the class. For example: a one-dimensional random variable probability, mathematical variance of the nature of the solution can be introduced to the concept of the two-dimensional random variables and nature of learning.

2.5 Mathematical Thought in the teaching of calculus

"Number" and "form" are organically linked in the Mathematical Thought. The Mathematical Thought for college students in terms of no stranger to primary and secondary schools have been exposed. Combined with the use of mathematical thinking to help students more intuitive understanding of mathematical concepts in Calculus. For example: the limit of a function, we can make use of graphics xx0 Time function f(x) Changes describe the purpose of doing so is to abstract visualization, in order to deepen students' understanding of the concept of limit. Under normal circumstances, the use of problem solving is conducive to enhance students' problem-solving speed and reduce the difficulty of problem solving.

Example 2 Solving ■x2y2dxdy, Regional D is a surrounded closed Graphics by straight line y=x,y=■ and curves y2=x.

Utilization the combining thinking, the D region can be expressed as:

The region D is expressed in the coordinate system shown in Figure 1.

So they can be drawn:

2.6 The idea of mathematical modeling in the teaching of calculus

The use of mathematical language and mathematical methods, abstract description of things in real life and its development and changes constitute a class of mathematical structure is called a mathematical model. Mathematical modeling is to construct a mathematical model of the real things in real life, played an important role in solving practical problems. Vocational mathematics teaching goals put more emphasis on capacity building for the students to solve practical problems. Therefore, the idea of mathematical modeling for students learning mathematics and even professional learning has played a key role.

The idea of mathematical modeling is more widely involved in teaching calculus, for example: Find the instantaneous speed of the linear motion of objects; uniform variable use of integral for curved edge area of the trapezium, and find the volume of irregular cylinder. Using derivative theory for the most value class model, especially economics maximum profit model, storage model. Using differential equations to solve the population model.

Mathematics teachers in teaching should reflect the mathematics from the practical, applied to the actual mathematical concept, combined with the typical examples highlight the application for the purpose, with the necessary Sufficient as "teaching principles and fully tap the students' creativity and potential, and establish the to build mathematical concept of learning. Learning math teaching concept, teachers should train students to learn applied mathematics to solve some simplified practical problems in practice, and gradually develop students integrate theory with practice style.

2.7 The overall and local thinking in teaching calculus

The whole idea is from the overall structure of the problem and found that the law of the nature of the objective. These methods are more common in the number of derivation and integration process. For example: the overall deformation, into substitution. The method of purpose can reach simplify. For example: in the derivation of composite function decomposition is a very critical problem-solving aspects, teachers can guide the students with the idea of the overall conversion element followed by decomposition from a derivative of the external to the internal, the number of elementary functions until the derivative decomposition. Then, for example, basic derivation rule is to solve the problem out. In the integration process of solving the overall change of thought, and converted into the basic formula of the form of the integral. This idea is also related to the derivative of the inequality, which is proved can be used.

3. Conclusion

In recent years, with the deepening of the reform of the education system in higher vocational colleges, higher mathematics teaching gradually changes from the traditional theoretical teaching to the practice teaching direction. And in the teaching process, teachers abstraction for mathematical knowledge is to take a variety of flexible mathematical methods of teaching, making the original abstract theory becomes more intuitive and image. Calculus in higher mathematics teaching content plays an important role in the teaching process is using a variety of teaching mathematical thinking. This article first introduces the concept of mathematical thinking, then from the function of thinking, extreme way of thinking, Naturalization way of thinking, analog way of thinking, the idea of mathematical modeling and the overall and local ideas in calculus analysis of the specific application of teaching the practical application of mathematical thinking. Hope to provide some help for the educators.

References

[1] Zheng Chen, Freshman calculus ability to solve practical problems of research [D] Northeast Normal University, 2010

[2] Zhuang Bai, "View" secondary school teaching calculus [D], East China Normal University, 2010

[3] Zang Lina, Mathematical thinking in the new curriculum reflected in the curriculum standards and textbooks [D], East China Normal University, 2010

[4] Wu Xiaoyan, Penetration of mathematics culture theory and practice of vocational mathematics teaching calculus [D], Suzhou University, 2010

[5] Cai Wenjun, Reflective-learning ability in the teaching of mathematical thinking culture [D], East China Normal University, 2009

[6] Liu Caiping, Mathematical thinking and its Implications for the college entrance examination in mathematics [D], Shanghai Normal University, 2010

[7] Zhao Yanhui, Mathematics Major Students' Mathematics application awareness and capacity building Countermeasures [J], Guizhou Normal University, 2009

露丝玛莉范文5

随着承载业务对传输网络安全性的要求越来越高,第三方光线路保护技术的引入作为一种有效的光线路保护手段,被广泛用于各级传输网络中。在处理省际波分多波误码时,需要综合考虑光线路保护系统的影响。本文结合安徽联通省际波分运维实践,初步探讨引入第三方光线路保护的省际波分多波误码的故障处理的一般思路。

关键词:

波分,光线路保护,故障处理,思路

中图分类号:TM773

一、 第三方光线路保护OLP简介

由于大容量、高带宽、技术成熟的巨大优势,密集波分复用技术在省际省内干线传输中被广泛应用,干线波分传输网络承担了信息高速公路的重要角色。而承载波分网络的基础物理光缆网极易受到市政建设、道路施工等外力原因的影响而发生故障,安全可靠性不高。

第三方光线路保护(OLP),正是解决干线波分系统线路运行可靠性难题的有效手段,可以有效帮助运营商提升传输网络品质,提升客户感知。

第三方OLP独立于干线波分系统之外,为干线波分设备的保护提供一套实用、可靠的解决方案。当光传输线路上主用线路(纤)发生中断或性能下降时,能够自动地将光传输线路(纤)由主用线路(纤)倒换到备用线路(纤),保证传输系统得到恢复,从而使传输系统的故障历时降至最少[1]。光线路保护主要有1+1和1:1A两种保护方式(如图1)。

二、 安徽联通省际波分多波误码故障处理实例

中国联通“合肥-武汉”区段建有一套省际波分――沪宁汉WDM80λ/L-2,以省为界,分别由湖北联通和安徽联通负责属地干线维护。为降低光线路故障对干线波分系统的影响,湖北联通和安徽联通均采用武汉光迅科技提供的OLP设备,采用1:1A线路保护方式,对沪宁汉WDM80λ/L-2系统“合肥-武汉”区间各光放大段落进行OLP保护。

某日,集团公司下派故障单,申报“沪宁汉WDM80λ/L-2 合肥-武汉区段多波误码”。

安徽联通首先联系湖北联通,将受损系统倒换至备用/冗余波道,恢复省际10G SDH系统运行。然后,湖北联通省网管和安徽联通省网管各自通过一干反牵终端,分别对湖北和安徽境内网元光线路收发性能进行详细性能分析,并与系统标准光功率进行对比,未发现明显异常。

为进一步定位故障方向,安徽联通省网管通知地市分公司携带Agilent86121多波长计分别对省界附近网元安庆和太湖相关光线路板和光放大板MON口进行信号在线监测。监测结果表明,安庆发太湖光线路板信号平坦,信噪比正常(如图2),说明安庆发太湖方向信号正常可用;太湖收安庆信号光功率随波长斜变,出现明显的“翘尾”效应,短波长波道信噪比劣化(如图3),说明太湖收安庆方向信号已发生畸变不可用。

仔细检查该段建有的第三方OLP网管性能,计算发现潜山小市主用路由收安庆发太湖掺铒光纤放大器EDFA饱和输出。该EDFA型号为1413型,满波配置情况下,工作增益为14dB,饱和输出光功率为13dBm,输入光功率不应超过-1dBm。网管运行当前值显示,潜山小市主用路由EDFA收安庆光功率已达6.5dBm,远远超出允许输入光功率范围,主用路由EDFA工作在非线形放大区域。

初判故障原因后,安徽联通省网管联系集团网管,申请将该段OLP切换至备用路由。切换后,武汉收合肥方向受损波道OTU光功率和信噪比均有大幅改善,系统可用。主用路由增加合适光衰后,主用路由性能也恢复正常。

三、 引入第三方OLP保护的省际波分多波误码的故障处理一般思路

第三方OLP保护系统由各省独立建设和管理,难以实现全网统一管理,给省际波分多波误码故障处理带来新的问题和挑战。处理引入第三方OLP保护的省际波分多波误码故障时,不同于普通单波故障处理,要特别注意系统分析和光功率理论值计算,按照传输信号流向,借助省际波分网管和OLP网管进行传输性能关联分析,判断故障区间,必要时需借助光谱分析仪或波分设备光谱分析板,逐步缩小故障判断范围,直至故障排除。

处理引入第三方OLP保护的省际波分多波误码时,一般要第一时间将网元或系统当前性能与历史性能数据或理论计算值进行对比分析。养成定期对OLP系统和波分系统性能数据进行备份的良好维护习惯,有助于省际多波误码故障的精确分析和精准处理。

引入第三方OLP保护的省际波分多波误码故障的处理过程中,还必须特别注意细节――尾纤的连接、光衰的设置等,还要特别注意分析OLP工作路由EDFA状态的分析,防止出现非线性效应对信号传输的影响。

四、 结束语

波分系统产生误码的原因有很多种,包括光功率异常、色散、信噪比、光纤非线性以及单板的光器件性能劣化等原因[2]。处理引入第三方OLP保护的省际波分多波误码故障时,需要按照传输信号流向,借助省际波分网管和OLP网管进行传输性能关联分析,判断故障区间,必要时需借助光谱分析仪或波分设备光谱分析板进行分析,逐步缩小故障判断范围,直至故障排除。

参考文献:

露丝玛莉范文6

As everyone knows that our world view originates in our culture. In every culture we can unavoidably see the shadow of religion. Religion, as Nanda observes, “deals with the nature of life and death, the creation of the universe, the origin of society and groups within the society, the relationship of individuals and groups to one another, and the relation of humankind to nature.” There are numerous kinds of religions in the world and here we just talk over the five major ones that have lasting traditions for centuries, influenced on and gained respect from millions of people. They are Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. In the following part, we will discuss some aspects of them.

2 Five Religious Concepts

Christianity:(from the Ancient Greek ■, Khristos, “Christ”, means “anointed one”) is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teaching of Jesus as presented in canonical gospels and other New Testament writings. Believers of the Christian are called Christians.

Judaism: is the “religion, philosophy, and way of life” of the Jewish people. Originating in the Hebrew Bible(also known as the Tanakh) and explored in later texts such as the Talmud, it is considered by Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship God developed with the Children of Israel.

Islam: it’s one of the major world religion founded by Muhammad in Arabia in the early 7th century AD. The Arabic word Islam means “submission”―submission to the will of the one God, called Allah in Arabic. It’s a strictly monotheistic religion, and its believers, called Muslims.

Hinduism: is the predominant religious tradition of South Asia. Hinduism is often referred to as Sanātana Dharma(a Sanskrit phrase meaning “the eternal law”) by its adherents.

Buddhism: a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha (Pāli/Sanskrit “the awakened one”).

3 Five Religious Clarifications and Its link with People’s Behavior

We should keep in mind three points before discussing the major religions of the world:(1)Everyone has his world view, even the person who does not believe in God. That is to say, religion is only a kind of world view;(2)It is difficult to draw a line between religion and a subtle manifestation of religion. Someone may call religion another might call philosophy.(3)Our goal is to illustrate some aspects of religious clarifications and its influences on people’s behavior.

Christianity: They believe in a God who is manifest in the Trinity of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.

Examples of the link between religion, perception, and behavior:

They believe strongly in organized worship to proclaiming God’s message--they have a keen of social activities, they may participate a lot of religious clubs and associations beyond their family unit.

They believe it is the God who created human beings and gave them the power to dominate the nature--they are future-dominated people and possess the spirit of exploration.

They believe “The central ethic Jesus taught was love”--they try to make charitable contributions by playing the “world police” role to improve the lives of other countries.

Judaism: They believe that God’s providence extends to all people, they also hold to the notion God entered into this special covenant with them so that they could carry God’s message by example.

Examples of the link between religion, perception, and behavior:

They believe they are God’s “chosen people”--they reserve their beliefs even go through sufferings such as Holocaust.

They believe learning is the power and obligation that given by God--As long ago as the first century, Jews had a system of compulsory education.

The Ten Commandments weigh a lot in their life--they can’t relieve the suffering when they betray the Ten Commandments but to obey and bear it.

Islam: They accept that Muhammad was the heir to the religious mantle passed down by the prophets of the Bible. Their god Allah spoke to human beings many times in toe past and concerned with establishing a new social order as well as delivering a religious message.

Examples of the link between religion, perception, and behavior:

The wisdom of the Koran claims that religion is the whole of life--they taught Islam to everyone from the time when he was born.

They believe they should submit to the will of Allah--they pray five times a day to show their submit.

They should show their devotion to Allah--Everyone should try his best to make a pilgrimage to Mecca in his lifetime.

Hinduism: The material world is not the only reality. There are other realities that reveal the true nature of life, the mind, and the spirit.

Examples of the link between religion, perception, and behavior:

They believe that the world is so fantastic that every creature is governed by a god --they treat animals such as monkeys and cattle kindly to show their respectful towards that god.

They believe that satisfaction in the material and physical world might gratify us, but finally they will “wear out”--they spend much of their lives to experience Nirvana in search of realms.

They believe in various paths can adapt to diverse needs--they have distinct spiritual paths such as jnanayoga, bhkti yoga, karma, and rajayoga.

Buddhism: They believe that life, for a host of reasons, is suffering.

Examples of the link between religion, perception, and behavior:

They believe there is a life after death--they do not kill animals.

They believe that life is dukka(suffering)--they try to seek the causes of their suffering while enduring them.

They believe the impermanent nature of all things both good and bad, which are always changing--they believe in karma.

4 Conclusion

From the above we can see that religion not only reflects our world view, but also influences our conduction. Therefore we should keep an open mind when concerning people’s perception and behavior.

【References】

[1]Cao Xianghong.(2010). An Introduction to Intercultural Communication[M]. Beijing: Science Press.

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