拉撒路范例6篇

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拉撒路范文1

在勒沃库森痛失德甲联赛冠军后不久,队里的中场核心、巴西人埃莫森选择了离开,他转会了卡佩罗执教的罗马。面对这种情况,道姆做了一个大胆的决定――不再让巴拉克当“万金油”,把他确定为球队的新核心。

在成为勒沃库森核心之前,巴拉克还要经历一次磨砺,代表德国队参加在荷兰和比利时举行的2000年欧洲杯。不过在当时,巴拉克还只是国家队的小配角。在那届欧洲杯上,他只有一次出场的经历。德国与葡萄牙比赛的第73分钟,主教练里贝克将巴拉克换上场,那只不过是最后的赌博罢了。德国队在小组赛就被淘汰出局,德国媒体毫不留情地称其为“国耻”。在各方对德国队进行总清算的时候,国家队队友齐格在背后捅了巴拉克一刀,他对采访他的记者说,“巴拉克呀,我没有什么可教他的了,他已经是世界冠军了。”这是齐格的报复。在欧洲杯前的一次训练中,齐格被这个初生牛犊狠狠铲倒,他正准备抱怨的时候,巴拉克却朝他大吼:“闭嘴!”从翁特哈兴之败后,巴拉克学会了保护自己,他不愿意再当蜗牛,只躲在自己的壳里。

回到勒沃库森,队友基尔斯滕也感觉到了巴拉克的变化,“那个时候,巴拉克不断向前冲。”说起巴拉克,也许基尔斯滕的鼻子还会隐隐作痛。一次训练中,巴拉克一肘打在基尔斯滕的脸上,鼻梁骨折让基尔斯滕不得不接受了整形手术。在赛场上,基尔斯滕也深深感受巴拉克向上的欲望。基尔斯滕是一位高产射手,在350场比赛中一共进了182个球,早习惯了中场球员给他传出好球,但是巴拉克的崛起让这种约定俗成有了一些改变,“我从来没有见过一个像他那样的中场球员,他甚至有许多前锋没有的特质。”他与巴拉克磨合了一年后,两人才适应了对方,再加上诺伊维尔和拜因利希,勒沃库森仍旧是德甲强队。

2000年夏天,一段疯狂的日子。里贝克在欧洲杯结束后辞去了国家队主教练的职务,道姆是当然的继任人选,但道姆坚持要带勒沃库森最后一年。于是足协让沃勒尔暂时代替道姆出任德国队临时主帅。沃勒尔一直有一个心愿,那就是让巴拉克和代斯勒一起组成德国队的梦幻中场。巴拉克对国家队也充满了信心,沃勒尔是俱乐部的领队,道姆则是俱乐部的教练。

不过,拜仁经理霍内斯一个“吸毒者”的指责引起轩然大波。霍内斯坚持说,“如果道姆吸食过可卡因,就不能当国家队主教练。”为了还击霍内斯,道姆同意交出自己的头发做鉴定。几乎所有人认为,检查结果肯定是阴性,但是道姆头发里却检出可卡因成分的事实让大家哑然。2000年11月,赛季才刚开始,道姆却悄悄地收拾行李,离开了俱乐部。有人说勒沃库森的球员知情不报,巴拉克觉得很委屈,“难道道姆会主动找球员谈这些事?”

道姆离开后,福格茨作为继任者来到勒沃库森。道姆为人随和,不会过度要求球员。福格茨也是一个和蔼的人,但他总是有一种草木皆兵的味道。刚开始,福格茨在勒沃库森干得不错,巴拉克在他的执教下表现得非常出色。冬歇期时,勒沃库森拿到了冬季冠军。在联赛间歇的训练营里,满面春风的巴拉克微笑着向熟悉或者不熟悉的记者打招呼,幻想着自己的第一个联赛冠军。

联赛下半程一开始,勒沃库森却出人意料地接连受挫,巴拉克的发挥也随着球队的表现起起伏伏,媒体开始把巴拉克描写成一个“无知而狂妄的小子”。带着这样的名声,巴拉克参加了2001年2月德国队与法国队的友谊赛,德国队0比1告负。相比足球先生齐达内,巴拉克的表现毫无亮点,连一贯宽容的沃勒尔也在新闻会上公开批评了巴拉克。而在俱乐部中,福格茨同样不满意巴拉克的发挥,他开始像雷哈格尔一样使用巴拉克。虽然此前巴拉克被准假去开姆尼茨参加父母的银婚庆典,但福格茨却强行将这个假期取消。西蒙妮也无法忍受俱乐部的做法,她冲到卡尔蒙德的办公室,对他吼道:“拜托让我的迈克尔清静一点!”卡尔蒙德一时间被她吓住了,在勒沃库森俱乐部里,没有人敢这样对他说话。“一旦觉得迈克尔有危险,她会毫不犹豫地拿起武器保护自己的爱人。”卡尔蒙德很佩服西蒙妮直话直说、绝不拐弯抹角的性格。可是巴拉克最终还是没有去成开姆尼茨。2001年夏天,福格茨走人的时候,勒沃库森队中几乎没有人去送别。接替他的是托普穆勒,正是他带领球队书写了俱乐部一页悲壮的历史。

2001年12月,勒沃库森再次成为冬季冠军,巴拉克也在此时为自己的未来找到了一个跨越巅峰的力向,虽然皇马紧追不合,巴拉克还是决定去拜仁。卡尔蒙德没有挽留,“如果是我的儿子,我也会劝说他转会拜仁。”610万欧元,巴拉克将以这样的转会价格在赛季结束后加盟德甲老大拜仁。

剩下的时间里,巴拉克为勒沃库森拼命战斗。在联赛还剩三轮的情况下,勒沃库森领先第二名5分,而在欧洲冠军联赛上,巴拉克一个20米外的远射和一个头球帮助勒沃库森淘汰了利物浦,在半决赛里,勒沃库森2比2战平曼联,凭借客场进球多的优势晋级决赛。巴拉克希望能在告别的时刻为勒沃库森带来至少一座奖杯,但最终的结果却令人失望联赛冠军被多特蒙德拿去了;德国杯决赛输给了沙尔克04;冠军杯决赛勒沃库森表现更好,最后登顶的却是皇家马德里。巴拉克,一位一直战斗的人,只能以失败者的身份参加2002年世界杯,世界杯冠军也许是抚慰他的最好礼物。

第十四章 东亚遗憾

沃勒尔跟巴拉克之间总有丝丝缕缕的联系。从2000年7月沃勒尔重建国家队开始,巴拉克一直是他的绝对主力,他也深信,只要给巴拉克信任,这个年轻人会以10倍的努力回报。且不谈巴拉克在2002年世界杯决赛阶段的表现,沃勒尔更愿意回忆的是德国与乌克兰队的两场世界杯附加赛:首回合,乌克兰人在基辅8.5万名球迷的激励下先进一球,很快,巴拉克将比分扳平,德国人松了一口气,次回合,沃勒尔的球队4比1痛击乌克兰,巴拉克独中两元。“哪里有机会,他就会出现在哪里。”沃勒尔这样称赞自己的爱将。

然而,2002年世界杯带给巴拉克最深刻的记忆是与韩国那场半决赛中的黄牌和4分钟后的进球。那是晴朗的一天。德国队已经在遥远的土地上呆了5个星期。比赛在首尔举行,德国队的对手是64万韩国人。看台上一片红浪,“大韩民国”的口号喊得震天。就在几天前,德国队刚刚淘汰了美国队,而巴拉克打人制胜一球。不能不说,那是一场幸运的胜利。作为“纪念品”,巴拉克的右眼下方留了一块青肿,因为他在比赛中挨了一肘子。德国人并没有受到主场球迷的影响,阵型保持得很好,直到下半时,比赛都没有掀起什么大波澜。但接下来的4分钟改变了巴拉克或者说改写了世界杯的历史。第71分钟,李天秀带球直闯德国队。巴拉克出现了,当时的情形十分明显,巴拉克不能不出脚,而一出脚势必领到一张黄牌。德国人对这一幕有很多抱怨为什么拉梅洛会让李天秀那么轻松地拿球过人?为什么非要是巴拉克出头来犯规?为什么让这个可能帮助德国队战胜巴西、可能在决赛中进球的年轻人错过决赛?

巴拉克曾经有过在比赛前找裁判谈谈的念头,他想告诉裁判,自己已经有一张黄牌在身,如果不是必要,请不要再对他出示黄牌。最后他打消了这个念头,因为他觉得这不会对裁判产生什么影响,该来的还是会来。比赛结束后,巴拉克和当值主裁判迈尔有过一次谈话,迈尔告诉他:“如果我知道你的情况,也许当时不会出示黄牌。”

拉撒路范文2

远方天空的颜色很奇怪,蓝紫中夹杂着一丝铁锈般的暗红,巨大的粉红沙丘在天边

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远方天空的颜色很奇怪,蓝紫中夹杂着一丝铁锈般的暗红,巨大的粉红沙丘在天边绵延起伏,浑圆的落日贴着沙漠的棱线,无数道沙石涌起的皱褶如凝固的浪涛,大地被衬得暗沉沉的,像是一片睡着了的海。

这里是世界上最著名的死亡禁地,数百年来,它吞噬了不计其数的冒险者,只留下一段段传奇故事。

撒哈拉古道,并不是指某一条特定的道路,而是包括很多分布在不同地域、有着不同用途的路线,它们的共同特点,是都记载了这片荒芜却又充满生命力的古老地区的文明,这里生活着很多聪明勤劳、热情好客的人,他们曾经创造过辉煌的历史,如今仍在为世界文明进程做出贡献。

我们深入这片世界上最大沙漠的方式,居然是乘独木舟航行。

尼日尔河位于西非,是非洲第三大河,全长4200公里。抵达马里的重要城市赛古之后,我们放弃越野车,改乘皮纳斯(pinasse,一种装着马达的独木舟)沿尼日尔河前进。尼日尔河孜孜不倦地滋润着干渴的撒哈拉沙漠。水是生命之源,沙漠却是死亡的温床,一边是蜿蜒流淌,生机勃勃,一边却是亘古荒凉,一片死寂。动与静、生与死的对比,带给人巨大震撼。夜晚,躺在细网纹帐篷里,漫天的星星温柔地眨着眼,仿佛远古神祗们悲悯的目光。

从撒哈拉沙漠中心那个叫“尼日尔河之岸”的地方,我们踏上了尼日尔河跟萨赫勒陆路通道的交汇点,其辉煌历史起源于一条重要的古贸易通道――食盐之路。

在穿越食盐之路的过程中,我们沿途考察撒哈拉地区的人文历史与地质现状。撒哈拉地下埋藏着巨大的财富,但恶劣的自然环境拒绝着人类的侵入,当地人对自己家园中蕴含宝藏的认知度则低得叫人吃惊。

同伴费宣是地质学家,对岩石有着非同一般的狂热。进入加纳境内的沙漠,费宣很快发现一个在地表的高品位的云母矿层。进入撒哈拉的腹地――阿尔及利亚南部的霍加尔山脉,他有了更加惊人的发现――价值连城的金矿,短短几天中一连发现了两个,就在我们徒步营地的下方。我真正见识了什么叫“遍地黄金”。 与猎豹经过同一片土地

我们在塔曼拉赛特找到几个经验丰富的图阿雷格向导,带我们穿越危机四伏的撒哈拉腹地。

领头的老者,我们称哈宾老爹,沧桑的面容包裹在层层头巾下面,只露出一双鹰一般的眼睛。他话不多,偶尔扫过来的眼神如同一条鞭子,让人忍不住打一个寒战。有这样一个厉害角色带路,倒是安心不少。哈宾老爹21岁的儿子塞尼负责照料骆驼,此外还有高大、强壮的厨师康尼,负责照料我们的生活。

我们这支探险小队有6头骆驼,都是哈宾老爹的私人财产,他宝贝得跟自己的孙子一样。骆驼除了驮运物资,还能提供极富营养的饮料――骆驼奶。据说有些当地人出门不带水,就牵一匹骆驼、带一袋麦面,阿拉伯大饼拌骆驼奶,是最便捷不过的食物。不过骆驼奶很腥,我尝过一次就不敢再碰。

像哈宾老爹这样极富经验的向导,在沙漠中寻找水源并不难。这天,我们在一个干涸的河滩旁宿营,哈宾老爹用手挖开地上的沙子,捻了一点沙粒放到嘴里,向我们示意:就是这里。他抡起一个盆子在沙地上挖了五六下,挖到几十厘米深处就有水汩汩冒了出来。

哈宾老爹牵过骆驼,让它们喝了个饱,然后我眼睁睁看着他用盆子舀出骆驼喝过的水装到水桶中,等水里的沙粒全部沉底后,倒入我们日常用的羊皮水袋。在他看来,这些骆驼都是自己的孩子,和自己的孩子喝同一种水是理所当然的。时间长了,我也就习惯了,学着哈宾老爹的样,拿个搪瓷杯倒羊皮水袋里的水喝,又甘甜又清凉。这种水袋是图阿雷格人居家旅行的必备物品,由整只的羊羔皮缝制而成,可以装几十公升水。

因为拍照,我常和驼队拉开一段距离。这天我正独自游荡,忽然看到一处有地下水渗出的潮湿地面上清晰地印着一串熟悉的梅花形脚印――爱看《动物世界》之类节目的人都知道,这是猎豹的足迹,狂热的动物摄影师们追寻它,往往能拍摄到一些血腥的捕杀场面。

脚印应该是不久前留下的,我四处张望,脊背一阵阵发凉,不知周围哪块岩石后正隐藏着一头凶猛的野兽……我追赶驼队,好不容易看到前面塞尼烤阿拉伯大饼冒出的烟,我跌坐在铺好的阿拉伯地毯上,捂着胸口拼命喘气。

晚上,月光皎洁,我建议生一堆篝火――野兽不都怕火嘛,塞尼轻轻摇了摇头:“不安全。”我明白他的意思――这个山区最可怕的并不是野兽,而是流匪,黑夜中的篝火是太显眼的目标。霍加尔山脉是阿尔及利亚最危险的地区之一,这个危险指的不是恶劣的自然环境和凶猛的野生动物,而是那些幽灵般出没的反政府武装,他们绑架游客,到处制造混乱和恐怖,生生把这里弄成了一块游客的禁地。

深夜,哈宾老爹、塞尼和康尼轮班守夜,月光下他们的身影如同雕像。 走进图阿雷格部落

清晨的沙漠很美,凉爽,几乎没有风,没有飞舞的沙尘,景色比平时清晰得多。而到了中午,地面温度高达50℃,哪怕是最有经验的沙漠居民也不敢正午在沙漠行走。

我们已经在“食盐之路”上走了10天,每天都顶着岩浆一般的烈日徒步,头脑一阵阵发晕。这一天,中午休息的时间比平时要短,哈宾老爹、塞尼和康尼都显得很兴奋,急急地收拾好装备出发。走了大概两个多小时,哈宾老爹示意我们停下,找了个相对舒适的地方,麻利地铺好阿拉伯线毯,开始烧水泡茶。

没多久,远处扬起大片沙尘,一群图阿雷格人骑着高高的骆驼奔来,穿着长袍,裹着头巾,身体随着骆驼行走的节奏前后摇摆,惬意又潇洒。之后,不断有人从四面八方赶来,荒凉的沙漠忽然就成了一个热闹的大party,骆驼叫,小孩哭,夹杂着各种打招呼的声音。

等人们基本以家庭为单位就坐,几个青年男子骑着骆驼来到前面的空地,指挥骆驼以一种小碎步前进,有点像马术表演,周围的人们大声喝彩、鼓掌。原来,这是难得一见的图阿雷格部落间的赛驼盛会,类似中国内蒙古的赛马会,也是当地的一个盛大节日。

康尼所在的部落,就位于附近一个小绿洲的边缘,他邀请我们到家里做客。图阿雷格人自古以游牧为生,逐水而居,但眼前的这个部落分明已经放弃了游牧生活,在绿洲边缘开辟了田地,种植玉米和蔬菜。这多半是因为环境改变,水草越来越少,使得他们不得不放弃了祖传的生活方式。

康尼的爸爸已经80多岁,仍然精神矍铄,他是部落里最受人尊敬的长者,不仅是因为年纪,还因为他是硕果仅存的能够识别古老的图阿雷格文字的智者。

图阿雷格人的文字和中国的甲骨文很像,也是象形文字的一种。随着外来文明对传统文化的冲击,现在还能读懂这一文字的人越来越少,年轻人没有耐心学习,对他们而言,学好英文更有用得多。

老人不会英语,和我们交流主要靠康尼翻译,康尼时常忘词,不得不加上肢体语言,这让老人非常不满:“对自己民族的文化不感兴趣,非要去学别人的东西,学就学吧,但是又没学好。”

晚餐很丰盛,康尼妈妈的手艺很棒,阿拉伯大饼烤得又黄又脆,还有一种图阿雷格人特有的食物“酷酷”,把玉米面蒸熟,浇上用胡萝卜、土豆、西红柿加上羊肉熬制的浓汤,拌着吃。

我在角落发现一个陈旧的小木盒,雕刻着复杂的花纹,十分美丽。康尼妈妈打开盒子,里面装着几只黑色的笔样的东西,还有一些漂亮的首饰,她拿起一只手镯,指指外面正在干活的小女儿,我们都笑了,这一定是康尼妈妈曾经的嫁妆,要留给康尼妹妹的。康尼妈妈拿起一只黑笔,招呼我靠近,然后在我的眉毛上画了起来,原来这是眉笔。她的动作很轻柔,脸上带着慈祥的微笑,一瞬间让我想到了自己的母亲,感觉仿佛是童年时淘气弄脏了脸,母亲正温柔地为我擦拭污渍。

开始古道探险之前,我收集了大量相关资料,关于图阿雷格人的描述,使用得最多的就是“彪悍”一词,甚至还有一些关于图阿雷格人绑架欧洲游客的报道。这些消息一度让我对这个民族感到恐惧,但实际接触,我发现他们并不像媒体描述的那么可怕,我遇到的图阿雷格人大都勤劳、能干,还带着一点天真,只是严酷的自然环境铸就了他们坚毅勇敢的性格,从这个角度来说,“彪悍”更多是一种真诚的赞美。 撒哈拉沙漠的其他古道

马里古道

马里古道是撒哈拉古道的重要组成部分。马里原是尼日尔河上游康加巴地区的一个小国,13世纪强盛起来,出产世界上将近一半的黄金,那时马里每年都有商队定期前往埃及的开罗,据说商队骆驼的数量多达12000头。同时,埃及、马格里布的阿拉伯商队也到马里来,形成一条热闹的古商贸之路。

在其最强大的时期,马里君主“曼萨”(意为“众王之王”)建立了西起大西洋、东至加奥、向北深入撒哈拉的强大国家,创造了辉煌的文化,声誉远扬至欧洲。1324-1326年,曼萨・穆萨曾经率领庞大的队伍去麦加朝觐,沿途施舍,挥金如土。据说,途经开罗时,他赏赐埃及官吏的黄金,竟然引起当地黄金价格的暴跌。

如今的马里,拥有4处世界文化遗产,但国内局势的不稳定,让它成为一座随时可能爆炸的火药库,文化遗产也受到严重威胁,一些古迹已被战火破坏,行走这条古道的难度也增加了很多。 穆斯林朝觐之路

拉撒路范文3

这个月,我读了《把铁路修到拉萨去》。这篇文章讲的是西部建设者们在自然环境恶劣的情况下,用智慧和力量克服了一个个世界的难题,创下了世界铁路建设奇迹,就是世界海拔最高隧道——风火山隧道建设的经过。

读完全文,我被铁路工人那种勇于吃苦的精神感动了,他们在建设风火山隧道时,遇到了三种极大的困难:一是冻土层;二是恶劣的天气;三是极度缺氧;面是些困难在铁路工人眼里就像小沙子一样。最终他们克服了寒冷、风雪、雷电等气候,用智慧与力量完成了风火山隧道。

我不禁感叹:青藏铁路真是一条奉献路啊!在海拔5000米的无人区,高寒缺氧,氧气含量不到平原的一半,死神的手就靠近了铁路工人们,而他们牺牲的不仅仅是健康,还随时可能会被死神抓入手中。

妈妈也说:海拔那么高,铁路工人都能这样,我们大家更应该好好学习,让祖国变得更加富强。

五年级:星星点灯00

拉撒路范文4

关键词:朱厄特 生态女性主义话语 自然观

一、引言

萨拉・奥恩・朱厄特(Sarah Orne Jewett,1849-1903)是19世纪下半叶美国著名女作家,她是当时乡土文学的著名代表人物之一,也是美国女性文学的开启者之一。她的作品主要反映的是美国东北部新英格兰地区的人文、地理风貌。她的小说《白苍鹭》传递给我们人与自然和谐统一的一种状态,故事的人物和对话描写,甚至主人公们名字作者都包含了生态,传统农业社会和工业化的象征意义。

萨拉・奥恩・朱厄特的作品清丽隽永,如行云流水一般,好似一气呵成。萨拉・奥恩・朱厄特的作品常常运用简单的词语,长句,明喻等。朱厄特的作品洋溢着清新的乡野气息,一读文章,读者就能有一种身临其境的感觉,仿佛置身与清丽清新的乡野之中。她的精湛的人物塑造和优美流畅虽平淡而真实的笔调,显示出了她平淡中出新奇的不同凡响的写作技巧。

二、《白苍鹭》

朱厄特在自己的作品中描述了工业文明对美国传统的纯朴生活方式的侵蚀。她以令人折服的细节描写向读者展现了工业化入侵的乡村小镇。《白苍鹭》中小女主人公西尔维娅远离庸俗城市生活,投奔外婆到偏远的乡村去生活,与奶牛为伴,独享宁静的生活,追求自己对人生和价值的理解。小说的开头就很轻松地描述了这个其乐融融的场景: 6月的夜晚,一个小女孩匆匆跑过洒满荫影的森林。已经晚上8点了,西尔维娅担心她祖母大概会责怪她这么晚才回来。奶牛在一条小溪边停下来饮水,西尔维娅在一旁等着,一切看起来都是那么安详和静谧直到工业化的代表人物所谓的鸟类学家的出现。

在《白苍鹭》中,她塑造了一个名叫西尔维娅的小女孩形象。西尔维娅出生于一个兄弟姐妹众多的工人家庭,经济颇为发达的家乡小镇并没有给她留下愉快的童年回忆。她的外婆带着她来到了偏远的乡村,远离喧嚣的生活给她了快乐的生活节奏。城市和乡村的生活给西尔维娅带来的是两种截然不同的感受。西尔维娅虽然出生在城市,但她更属于森林。外婆与西尔维娅一起居住在林子里,远离世俗和喧嚣的城镇,与大自然为伴,过着宁静,自在的生活。与她形成鲜明对比的是这位来自现代化都市的年轻的鸟类学家。他远道而来,此行的目的与西尔维娅的截然不同,西尔维娅怀着过一种纯真的生活的目的来到森林,是真正意义的回归自然和投入自然;而他却是为了满足其在搜集鸟类标本上的成绩,拿出去炫耀而已。

三、生态女性主义特征

朱厄特的女性话语特征不仅表现在叙事视角和人物塑造上,她作品的主题思想也反映了女性作家通常所关注的问题。对大自然的认同贯穿于《白苍鹭》的主题。作者痛恨这种工业革命做带来的对生态的破坏。文章的字里行间都显示出作者对保护生态环境的呼吁。

在《白苍鹭》中人物的取名就与自然息息相关。回归自然的最高境界就是与自然融为一体。女主人公的名字“Sylvia”与sylvan一词相近意思是森林,树木的意思。这个名字的出现,就不禁让人想到小女孩已经成为了森林的一部分,是自然地象征和化身,她被赋予珍爱大自然,保护大自然,制止破坏,掠夺大自然的使命。作者在文章中还运用了比喻的手法,将小女孩可爱的一面描述地惟妙惟肖. 当她在回家路上碰到迷路的鸟类学家,并听说他要借宿时,她耷拉着脑袋像是一朵折断了枝头的花似的。作者运用比喻手法,把西尔维娅比作是一枝花,鸟类学家的突然出现就像是一个莽汉贸然闯入了一片宁静的花丛中一样,把花的枝头都给折断了似的。借助比喻,作者似乎在暗示西尔维娅似乎已经习惯了这种宁谧的生活,不希望有人来打扰。西尔维娅所展现的一切是一个与大自然融为一体的人的特征,从她身上不仅能看到自然的特征,而且更能体会到自然的精神―友善和博爱。

她的作品的语言宛如一条静静流淌的河流,像行云流水般地轻盈自然,像诗歌一样婉约动听。朱厄特喜欢用长句,简单的词语和明喻。长句可以避免短促、急躁和顿挫之感。而简单的词汇和明喻则有助于流畅地阅读,另读者仿佛置身于小说之中。下面是从《白苍鹭》中节选一段。

The woods were already filled with shadows one June evening, just before eight o’clock, though a bright sunset still glimmered faintly among the trunks of the trees. A little girl was driving home her cow, a plodding, dilatory, provoking creature in her behavior, but a valued companion for all that. They were going away , from whatever light there was , and striking deep into the woods , but their feet were familiar with the path , and it was no matter whether their eyes could see it or not

――The White Heron

这种长的句式与所描写得新英格兰宁静的自然景观和乡村生活的缓慢节奏十分吻合。而且,文字中的单音节词也较多,文字偏向简洁明了,加上押韵的效果,因此读起来轻松自然,流畅动听。

整篇文章用进行时态和延续性动词比较多。在读这篇文章的时候,就感觉到身临其境,自己也仿佛来到了苍翠茂密的森林当中,身旁的鸟儿在歌唱,女孩牵着奶牛在草地上悠闲地放着牛。把真个故事发生的背景比如,the air is soft and sweet.。The young man was staring at Slyvia. The old animal spent her days out in the open country “eating” sweet grass. The white heron came flying through the golden air…文章整体的都用的是简单的单词和词组,简洁又明了,读起来充满诗意。

四、结语

19世纪末的美国文坛第一次出现了女权主义文学作品,这些作品打破了传统文学中渗透着男性偏见的女性角色模式,朱厄特尽管没有像同期的一些女作家那样高举女权主义大旗,但在作品中也表现出对于妇女生活和地位的极大关注。她坚持以女性的视角写作,以女性的体验为写作中心。朱厄特还使女性和自然互为象征,从而否定了以男人为化身的人与大自然之间的奴役与被奴役关系。

参考文献:

1.金莉.《从看朱厄特创作的女性视角》.外国文学研究,1994(4)

2.徐颖果.《中英女性文学及女权主义之比较》.外国文学研究, 1997 (2)

3.王侃.《“女性文学”的内涵和视野》.文学评论, 1998(6)

拉撒路范文5

关键词:末次冰期;MIS 2阶段;湖沼相;正构烷烃;碳氧同位素;西风环流;夏季风;萨拉乌苏河流域

中图分类号:P534.63 文献标志码:A

Abstract: Temperature decreases all the world, and summer monsoon in China retreats towards south with winter monsoon strengthened in the last glacial period. Under this palaeoclimatic background, the aeolian activity is intensified in the northern China, and sea-level declines in South China Sea, and lake shrinks. Oppositely, there are several obvious limnetic facies and river facies strata in Salawusu river valley along the desert-loess transition zone in the southern part of Mu Us Desert, which is at the boundary of modern monsoon. Grain size, total organic carbon (TOC), carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions and organic biomarker n-alkane (m/z is 85) of sediment at Milanggouwan section since MIS 2 stage (6.0-16.5 m, 11-30 ka BP) were analyzed. The results show that the sediment in limnetic facies is made up of the sandy silt, and the mean is 4.5 Φ or so; the sediment in the paleosol strata is made up of muddy silt, and the mean is more than 5 Φ; the sediment in the river facies is made up of silty sand, and the mean is about 3 Φ; total organic carbon is 0.1%-1.0% with the average of more than 0.5% in the limnetic and paleosol facies sediments; total organic carbon is lower in the river facies sediments(0.01%-0.10%); there is an incomplete forest steppe during 23-29 ka BP with n-alkane C27, C29, C31 preponderance; forest steppe and fresh water lake with a long residence time during 17-19 ka BP are inferred by the high contents of n-alkane C27, C29, C31, and the contents of n-alkanes with low carbon number and middle carbon number increase; 19-23 ka BP is the last glacial maximum in this area with a strongest aeolian activity under the coldest and driest condition; desert steppe and dispersal lakes and ponds along the river in Middle Holocence from ~2.3 to ~8 ka BP are inferred by the preponderance n-alkane peaks of C14-C18; westerly jet carries water vapor to this area during MIS 2 stage, and summer monsoon carries water vapor to this area during Holocene, but high aridity is not useful for vegetation flourishing; winter monsoon prevails under the dry and cold climate at desert-loess transition zone in the monsoon boundary, and aeolian activity strengthens, and vegetation flourishs under the cool and wet condition; although absolute precipitation increases under the high temperature, if the aridity increases much higher, the ecological environment will be deteriorative possibly much more.

Key words: last glacial period; MIS 2 stage; limnetic facies; n-alkane; carbon and oxygen isotopes; westerly jet; summer monsoon; Salawusu river valley

0 引 言

晚更新世北大西洋深海沉积物中有孔虫记录表明,在10~75 ka BP期间(末次冰期MIS 2阶段至MIS 4阶段)温度明显降低,与玉木冰期一致,同时也记录到有多次海面温度降低,有孔虫数量减少,盐度降低和粗颗粒碳酸盐碎屑快速堆积的Heinrich事件[1],以及多次冷―暖旋回(B―O旋回)[2-3]。在这一时间段,中国沙漠-黄土过渡带也发生了较明显的变化,毛乌素沙漠、青海共和沙地和腾格里沙漠沙丘活化,沙漠南迁[4]。末次冰期,中国马兰黄土也多次加强,与北大西洋沉积物中的Heinrich事件很好对应,暗示着东亚季风的变迁直接受控于北半球冰量的变化[5]。在末次冰期晚期干冷背景下,中国西部地区也显示出气候的千年或几百年的气候快速波动[6]。管清玉等通过对东亚季风边缘区的研究,发现末次冰期气候不仅存在百年至千年尺度上的快速波动,并且自西向东Dansgaard-Oeschger旋回的幅度逐渐变小,并认为末次冰期气候是由西风与东亚夏季风共同作用造成的[7]。

孙继敏等对末次间冰期以来沙漠-黄土边界带的风成沉积进行了研究,探讨了东亚季风环流的演变历史[8-9]。在中国毛乌素沙漠南缘沙漠-黄土过渡带萨拉乌苏河流域,李保生等发现从晚更新世以来该流域广泛发育河湖相-古土壤沉积[10],植被类型也反映出该地区气候出现暖湿干冷凉湿的更替[11]。干冷气候主要表现出蒙古高压产生的冬季风增强,暖湿气候是在较冷时期弱夏季风增强带来一定量降雨形成的[10]。杨小平发现在巴丹吉林沙漠地区大约在31 ka BP、19 ka BP、9 ka BP和2 ka BP有4层雨量增加标志的钙质胶结层,认为其是西风环流在亚洲干旱区作用增强的信号,或者是在末次冰期总体较冷背景下,夏季风在20~30 ka BP期间增强所致[12]。Zhang等通过对腾格里沙漠中的古湖岸堤的14C测年,认为在22~35 ka BP期间其为一个古大湖,但对于古大湖是在什么样的气候背景下形成仍存疑惑[13]。本文拟通过对处于现代季风边缘的萨拉乌苏河米浪沟湾末次冰期MIS 2A段沉积地层组成特征、粒度、稳定同位素组成、有机分子化合物等进行分析,探讨该阶段沙漠-黄土过渡带末次冰期的气候波动特征及影响机制。

1 研究区地质背景

毛乌素沙漠南缘的萨拉乌苏河流域在中国季风区和非季风区的划分上,正好处于现代冬、夏季风过渡带(图1)。目前,该流域沙漠化现象日趋严重,生态环境成为该地区主要环境问题之一。现代多年平均气温为6 ℃~7 ℃,7月平均气温为22 ℃,极端最高气温为33.5 ℃。冬季,该地区受蒙古―西伯利亚高压控制,盛行偏北风,降水稀少,冬季风强且作用时间长;夏季,东南季风带来的湿润气流在本区产生大量降水,平均降水量为350~400 mm,极端降水量达466 mm,7、8月份降水量占全年的70%左右;春季多有沙暴和尘暴。西风环流7月达到该地区,1月南侵,使该地区完全在西风环流控制区。孙继敏等认为毛乌素沙漠至少在500 ka BP就已经形成,在第四纪气候振荡的作用下,历经“沙漠―非沙漠”的多次转变[8]。冬季风强盛期间,在大风与干早气候的耦合作用下,地表风沙活动加剧,沙漠-黄土边界带位置南移;间冰期鼎盛时,沙漠-黄土边界带北移,温湿的气候使植被覆盖度提高,形成了萨拉乌苏动物群和古人类重要的活动场所之一。

米浪沟湾位于萨拉乌苏河流域中段,跨于黄土高原和鄂尔多斯高原之间,南缘与温带亚干旱晋陕甘区西北缘接壤,处于中温带干旱―半干旱区与南温带半干旱―半湿润区交错地带的西南段。该流域上游和下游分别具有黄土和风砂两种不同的地貌景观。该流域末次间冰期以来连续的沉积地层发育,主要由风成砂、河流相、湖相―沼泽相沉积组成[14],很好地记录了东亚夏季风和冬季风驱动的古环境波动及全球冰期―间冰期旋回的信息[15]。

2 样品采集及分析

米浪沟湾剖面(108°33′05.4″E,37°45′47.2″N)位于萨拉乌苏河中游左岸的米浪沟湾村东北500 m处(图1)。剖面顶部海拔1 290 m左右,出露地层厚度约83 m,包括全新统大沟湾组和滴哨沟湾组,上更新统城川组和萨拉乌苏组以及部分中更新统离石组[14]。按沉积剖面自上而下大约每间隔20 cm采集一个样品,共采集349块样品。地层厚度不足20 cm时,按单一地层略作调整。该剖面采集样品地层厚大约52 m,共85个层序6种成因类型的沉积,包括1层现代流动沙丘砂、37层古流动沙丘砂、3层固定―半固定古沙丘砂、15层河流相、20层湖沼相和9层古土壤沉积。河湖相和古土壤主要由粉砂质极细砂组成,次为粉砂质细砂,并有体积分数不等的黏土成分,呈松软―致密,分选较差,常具有植物根系,偶见植物根叶残体化石[15]。MIS 2阶段主要在6.0~16.5 m(11~30 ka BP)层段,主要有4层湖沼相、1层古土壤和5层河流相沉积(图2)。

李保生等对米浪沟湾剖面大约30个年代样品进行了分析及讨论,并建立了米浪沟湾剖面年代模式(图2)[10,16]。本文对沉积物样品进行了总有机碳(TOC)、部分含有较高碳酸盐含量(质量分数,下同)沉积物的碳酸盐碳氧同位素组成以及总有机碳较高的3层湖沼相沉积物中可溶有机质饱和烃组分分析,结果见图2。

总有机碳分析采用重铬酸钾-浓硫酸溶液氧化滴定法,实验误差低于0.5%。沉积物样品除去植物残体后,分离出低于80目(孔径为0.180 mm)组分,采用磷酸法进行碳酸盐碳、氧同位素组成分析。结果分别以δ13CV-PDB、δ18OV-PDB表示,分析误差小于±0.3‰。

将除去植物残体后的样品烘干,磨碎到80~100目(孔径为0.150~0.180 mm),在索氏抽提器中用二氯甲烷-甲醇混合液(体积比为93∶7)进行72 h萃取,过滤分离萃取液。用正己烷沉淀沥青质,过硅胶-三氧化二铝色谱柱进行族组分分离,石油醚萃取饱和烃,苯萃取芳香烃,酒精冲洗非烃组分。有机质正构烷烃组分分析采用有机色谱-质谱分析法,分析仪器为美国Finnigan SSQ710型色谱-质谱仪,配置HP DB-5MS弹性石英毛细柱(30.00 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm)。色谱条件包括:载气纯度为99.999%的氦气,进样室与传输线均恒温300 ℃;进样温度80 ℃,停留1 min,以20 ℃・min-1程序升温至140 ℃;以5 ℃・min-1程序升温至280 ℃,停留10 min。质谱条件包括:EI模式电子能量为70 eV;离子化电流为300 μA,倍增器电压为1 100 V;根据相对保留指数、特征碎片离子、标准谱库检索等对化合物作定性分析,以六甲基苯为内标,用内标法作定量分析。

3 结果分析

从图2可以看出,米浪沟湾MIS 2阶段(6.0~16.5 m、11~30 ka BP)湖沼相地层沉积物平均粒度大约为4.5 Φ(砂质粉砂),古土壤地层沉积物平均粒度大于5 Φ(泥质粉砂),河流相地层沉积物平均粒度大约为3 Φ(粉砂质砂)。在野外地层观察中发现,湖沼相和古土壤地层发育较好的钙质顶底板层,表明有明显的水体作用。湖沼相和古土壤地层沉积物中,总有机碳较高,为0.1%~1.0%,平均在0.5%以上;组成河流相的沉积物颗粒较粗,总有机碳较低,为0.01%~0.10%。由于较粗沉积颗粒对有机质“稀释效应”的影响,较低的总有机碳可能并不能完全说明当时的植被环境状况很差。在全新世期间(2~6 m、2.3~11.0 ka BP),尤其是在2.3~8.0 ka BP期间,湖沼相地层相对发育,沉积物粒度较细(4~5 Φ),总有机碳相对较高(0.5%~1.0%)。MIS 2阶段和全新世期间总有机碳较高的地层可溶有机质饱和烃正构烷烃(荷质比为85)分析表明:末次冰期23~29 ka BP(16~18 m)期间的沉积物中,正构烷烃主要以C27、C29、C31为主,低碳数正构烷烃含量较低,姥植比(Pr/Ph)低于1;在末次冰期17~19 ka BP(11 m左右)期间,沉积物中正构烷烃虽然仍以C27、C29、C31为主,但低碳数和中等碳数正构烷烃含量明显增加,姥植比低于1;全新世中期3~5 ka BP(2.5~5.0 m)期间,主要以C14~C18为主峰碳,中等碳数和高碳数正构烷烃含量相对较低,姥植比低于1。23~29 ka BP(16~18 m)、17~19 ka BP(11 m左右)期间的湖沼相沉积物中碳酸盐碳同位素组成(δ13C)为-6‰~-2‰,氧同位素组成(δ18O)为-10‰~-8‰;全新世(2.3~8.0 ka BP)期间,沉积物碳酸盐δ13C值为-10‰~-6‰,δ18O值为-7‰~-4‰。

4 讨 论

4.1 末次冰期古环境

以前的野外调查中发现,在末次冰期期间(尤其是最盛期),由于陆地冰量增多,导致气温急剧下降,在巴丹吉林沙漠东南缘的查格勒布鲁剖面、毛乌素沙漠南缘的滴哨湾剖面与米浪沟湾剖面出现了冻融褶皱[17-18],在稍南一点的河西走廊也发现有砂楔形成,指示了当时的温度比现在低6 ℃~15 ℃[19]。在此寒冷气候驱动下,冬季风显著增强,沙漠急剧扩张,当时的沙漠-黄土边界带已越过甘肃兰州[20]。毛乌素沙地堆积了厚层古风成砂沉积,且分布范围达长城沿线及其以南地区,流动沙丘的范围、规模远远大于现代。腾格里沙漠末次冰期也普遍发育古风成砂,其分布越过现代沙漠以南数千米至数十千米,到达宁夏中卫、沙坡头、孟家湾、长流水、红卫及干塘一线,一度抵达东祁连山以北的山麓带及黄河北岸,古风成砂堆积厚5~8 m,因此,高尚玉等将末次冰期称作“沙漠扩张奠基阶段” [4]。沈吉认为末次盛冰期15~20 ka BP以来,青藏高原东北部绝大多数湖泊由于气候寒冷干燥而处于干涸状况,如察尔汗、大柴旦等湖泊沉积了多层夹含石膏粉砂黏土的原生石盐层[21]。新疆阿尔泰山在(27.2±2.0)ka BP与(16.1±1.5)ka BP有较大规模的冰进,在喀纳斯河流域形成高大侧碛垄[22]。在东北、华北地区,13~23 ka BP期间孢粉贫乏,缺少禾本植物,草本类占绝对优势,反映极端干冷的环境[23];黄土高原在10~25 ka BP期间黄土堆积加速;长江下游在15~18 ka BP期间草本植物扩展,气温比现在低7 ℃~8 ℃;黄海海面曾最大下降160 m[24]。由此表明,在末次冰期MIS 2阶段,中国几乎所有地区表现出干冷、风沙-黄土加强。

然而,通过对毛乌素沙漠南缘萨拉乌苏河流域米浪沟湾末次冰期MIS 2阶段(11~30 ka BP)以来的沉积地层野外考察,发现该地区至少有2次明显的湖沼相和古土壤沉积期(23~29、17~20 ka BP),表明该时期有较大的湖沼水体以及湿度较大。事实上,以前对西风区的地质记录和数值模拟表明,青藏高原西部在15~24 ka BP期间为较高湖面,如西昆仑山南坡的甜水海、阿克赛钦―苦水湖等湖泊联为一个统一大湖[25-26],在新疆天山东段的柴窝堡、巴里坤湖[27]、艾比湖[28]、伊塞克湖也于高湖面时期。秦伯强等对已发表的中亚地区湖泊地质记录分析总结后,发现死海、黑海、里海、巴尔喀什湖、阿富汗的赛伊斯坦、蒙古西部的吉尔吉斯等湖盆在末次盛冰期时的湖面远高于目前的水位[29]。其中,最典型的是位于土耳其高原的科尼亚湖(Konya),古湖岸线表明在17~23 ka BP期间其为一大湖,其后水位下降[30]。在巴丹吉林沙漠地区,大约在31 ka BP、19 ka BP、9 ka BP和2 ka BP也发现有4层雨量增加标志的钙质胶结层[12]。本文萨拉乌苏河流域米浪沟湾在31 ka BP为一层明显的河流相沉积,与巴丹吉林沙漠31 ka BP的钙质胶结层一致,说明在该时期湿度较大。Zhang等发现腾格里沙漠在大约35 ka BP到22 ka BP期间为一个古大湖,说明在中国西北及北方在MIS 2阶段有湿度增加气候事件[13]。在毛乌素沙漠以南的黄土高原地区,薛祥煦等在陕西西安与咸阳地区之间的河流阶地沉积剖面中,发现了与晚更新世萨拉乌苏古菱齿象-披毛犀动物群的同类化石,但咸阳动物群中还有喜居暖湿森林或林缘草地的梅花鹿和曾见于河南孟县的杨氏水牛,表明在距今大约20 ka时,萨拉乌苏河流域以南的黄土高原渭河流域气候温凉偏湿[31]。巴丹吉林沙漠、腾格里沙漠、毛乌素沙漠以及陕西关中盆地晚更新世的地质记录表明,尽管末次冰期全球气温降低,但似乎也存在气候环境的冷干、凉湿颤动,可能在全球寒冷的背景下出现夏季风降水增加。周卫健等认为,末次冰期极盛期,东亚季风降水的增加也许与来自高纬度地区的冷空气、来自低纬度热带海洋的暖湿气流相互作用有关[32]。

通过对研究区地层和古环境分析,中国西部地区、中亚地区在末次冰期期间并非一直是十分冷干气候背景,而是存在多次湿度较大的时期,并且也与中国东部季风影响地区有明显的差异。图3表示了米浪沟湾MIS 2阶段以来的古环境变化与格陵兰冰芯GISP 2、中国南方石笋的古环境记录之间的关系。从图3可以看出,MIS 2阶段以来的湖沼相、古土壤地层与冰芯GISP 2中相对湿润时期十分一致,代表低温的寒冷事件YD、H1、H2、H3也有很好的对应关系,说明与格陵兰地区的气候演化有较好的一致性,与中国贵州都匀洞[33]、贵州七星洞[34]、广西响水洞[35]、江苏汤山洞[36]石笋记录相比则有明显的时间差异。

从北半球30°N和60°N末次冰期太阳辐射强度对比可以明显看出,中国南方石笋在太阳辐射强度越大时期,石笋记录到的气候相对暖湿。而萨拉乌苏河流域则刚好相反,在太阳辐射强度高的时期,如30~40 ka BP和8~15 ka BP期间,米浪沟湾主要以风成砂堆积为主,总有机碳较低。邵亚军进行的孢粉分析也表明,这些阶段主要以稀疏草原植被为主[11]。在太阳辐射强度较低的时期,如15~30 ka BP和全新世2~8 ka BP以来,米浪沟湾主要以湖沼相沉积为主,沉积物中总有机碳也明显增高[11]。但是,在太阳辐射强度最低的20~25 ka BP期间,米浪沟湾主要以风成砂和河流相沉积为主。根据沉积物中可溶有机质正构烷烃分子化石特征分析,在23~29 ka BP和17~20 ka BP期间的沉积层中反映出陆生植被主要以森林草原为主,尤其是在17~20 ka BP期间,不仅森林范围增加,而且低碳数正构烷烃代表的菌藻类以及中等碳数代表的水生植物明显增加,说明不仅水体范围扩大,而且处于比较长期稳定的状态。这说明在较冷的末次冰期冬季风占主导因素背景下,这种时间差可能并不是以前认为的相位差,而是代表了冬、夏季风之间强弱相互作用过程的表现。

在19~23 ka BP期间,萨拉乌苏河流域米浪沟湾主要为风成砂沉积物,较粗的沉积物颗粒、较低的总有机碳指示了气候干冷、冬季风增强的古环境特征。20世纪70年代初,Dreimanis等提出末次盛冰期(Last Glacial Maximum,LGM)的概念[37],时间为14~22 ka BP,目前多采用经校正的日历年21 ka BP;或者末次盛冰期年代界定是随不同地区的H2事件出现的时间而定[38],其年代范围按Clark等利用4 271个14C记录及475个地球宇宙源核素(TCN)记录[39],现在一般确定为19.0~26.5 ka BP。萨拉乌苏河流域在19~23 ka BP期间为该地区的H2事件末次盛冰期,极端干冷状态下生态环境仍十分恶劣。

4.2 全新世古环境

尽管全新世中期也形成了明显的湖沼相沉积,且沉积物中总有机碳较高,但是从有机质正构烷烃分布特征可以看出,这段时期陆生植被不发育,主要以荒漠草原特征为主。低等菌藻类和水生植物相对繁盛,表明水体较淡且滞留时间较长。从北半球太阳辐射强度看,该段时间尽管强度相对于早全新世减弱,但明显与23~29 ka BP期间强度一致,陆生植被特征却相差较大。湖泊的形成可能与全球全新世以来上升的温度、中国内陆大部分地区增强的夏季风、研究区受夏季风带来的大量降雨有关。研究区附近其他剖面的研究也证实全新世期间有大量分散的湖泊或水洼形成[40-41],并且南部的黄土高原孢粉分析结果也证实在全新世中期(3~8 ka BP)降雨和温度同步上升[11]。然而,米浪沟湾的有机生物标志化合物特征表明,陆生植被十分贫乏,这可能与当时较高的温度有关。尽管降雨量增加,但较高的蒸发量使该地区的干燥度指数上升,从而导致陆生植被反而衰退。研究区温度较低有利于植被的发育,但明显在极端寒冷(如19~23 ka BP)气候条件下仍以风成沉积为主,植被极不发育。

4.3 末次冰期和全新世水-热差异

萨拉乌苏河流域在末次冰期和全新世期间的古环境特征明显不同,对于降雨或者水汽的来源仍不是特别清楚。李吉均认为西风区与季风区虽然具有相同的全球冰量驱动大背景,但是其气候分别属于两种变化模式[42]。在西风区内,其气候主要受控于西风,热带西太平洋对其影响甚微;而北半球高纬度地区(北大西洋地区)的快速气候波动事件,则可以通过驱动洋面温度与北大西洋深层水(NADW)的变化,经由大气、洋流传送到其他地区。陈发虎等也提出,洲中部西风带控制区在现代间冰期从数千年到年代际的各个时间尺度上均存在不同于季风区的湿度(降水)变化模式,称之为现代间冰期气候变化的“西风模式”[43]。于革等根据国际古气候模型对末次盛冰期进行模拟,认为中国西部地区有效降水有所增加,变化幅度为每年70~95 mm [44]。该模型揭示了末次冰期西风带不仅位置向南移动,其强度也有所增强,影响范围东扩,同时表明欧亚大陆降温幅度为4 ℃~16 ℃,地表蒸发能力极弱,有利于在中国西部形成相对冷湿气候。但是,刘晓东等的数值模拟研究表明,末次冰期冬季风明显加强,夏季风有所减弱[45-46]。Chen等也认为在东亚季风系统中,尽管末次冰期时冬季风占优势,其影响强度甚至可以到达中国南海,但夏季风虽然较弱,其带来的影响同样是不容忽视的[47]。即是说,在末次冰期时尽管冬季风占绝对优势,但是在此期间也有弱的夏季风侵入,湖沼相沉积或与夏季风有关。在青藏高原高寒地区的情况可能与此有很大差别,高原地区的湿度以及湖泊的状况与太阳辐射可能直接相关,不仅在太阳辐射强度增高时印度季风加强[48-53],而且末次盛冰期被冰覆盖的湖泊由于冰的融化使湖面上升[54-55]。

对MIS 2阶段和全新世总有机碳较高地层的可溶有机质饱和烃正构烷烃(荷质比为85)分析表明:末次冰期29~23 ka BP(16~18 m)期间沉积物中,正构烷烃主要以C27、C29、C31为主,低碳数正构烷烃含量较低;在17~19 ka BP(11 m左右)期间沉积物中,正构烷烃虽然仍以C27、C29、C31为主,但低碳数和中等碳数正构烷烃含量明显增加;而在全新世中期3~5 ka BP(2.5~5.0 m)期间沉积物中,有机质正构烷烃分布特征发生了明显变化,主要以C14~C18为主峰碳,中等碳数和高碳数正构烷烃含量相对较低;相同的是,植烷含量比姥鲛烷高。一般认为,这种状况(姥植比低于1)表明水体有较强的还原性[56]。低成熟度有机质的姥植比可能不能反映古环境状况,张成君等通过对青藏高原现代过程分析,发现在干旱、寒冷地区的土壤中有植烷优势[57-58]。尽管萨拉乌苏河流域米浪沟湾为湖沼相和古土壤地层,但在MIS 2阶段以陆生植物组分来源为主,因此,植烷优势可能代表了当时的气候总体较冷,与末次冰期全球较低气温背景一致。水藻和光合合成细菌的正构烷烃主导成分是C17,沉水和漂浮大型植物等非外源维管植物往往有最大的C21、C23和C25正构烷烃丰度,而陆地植物的表皮蜡质层则含有较多的C27、C29和C31,其中,C27和C29主要代表了木本植物的输入,而C31则指示草本植物的输入[59-60]。中等碳数正构烷烃的存在说明这一时期有大量水体,可能与较低的温度、低蒸发强度有关。全新世期间明显与末次冰期MIS 2阶段时不一致,沉积物中有机质主要来源于内源水体,外源植物相对较少,植烷优势说明其是水体较深、滞留时间较长所致。

奶妓嵫翁佳跬位素组成也可以明显反映出这种变化特征。δ18O值主要受温度影响,温度高有利于碳酸盐富集重氧同位素18O;δ13C值主要受大气CO2与湖泊水体中碳的交换、湖水的硬度、湖泊生产力等因素影响,其值的波动间接地指示温度变化,温度低有利于碳酸盐富集重碳同位素13C。因此,温度的变化可以造成δ18O值与δ13C值之间存在负相关关系(图4)。Menking等研究表明,湖泊沉积物中碳酸盐δ18O值与δ13C值之间的相关性可以反映出湖泊的状况[61]。如果这两者之间有较好的相关性(相关系数高于0.7),说明湖泊处于封闭状态,水体滞留时间较长,如相关性较差或不相关,则说明湖泊处于半开放―开放状态[61]。图4反映出碳酸盐δ18O值与δ13C值之间的相关性较好(相关系数为0.82),表明水体处于封闭状态,与湖沼相沉积地层一致,水体相对较大。MIS 2阶段δ13C值为-6‰~-2‰,δ18O值为-10‰~-8‰,相对偏轻,明显水体较淡,与冰雪融水和低蒸发有关;全新世期间则正好相反,δ13C值为-10‰~-6‰,相对偏轻,δ18O值为-7‰~-4‰,相对偏重,指示了较为温暖的水体环境。这说明全新世期间温度相对较高,水体滞留时间较长。赵琦等对滴哨沟湾剖面研究认为,该地区从早全新世开始逐渐形成湖泊环境,5.85~9.10 ka BP期间温湿多雨,是湖泊发育最大时期,湖泊水体滞留时间较长[41]。很明显,全新世时期该地区湖泊的形成与强烈的夏季风有关。在较高温度下,降雨量大于蒸发量时可以形成湖沼环境。但是,如果干燥度较高,则陆地植被状况较差。因此,全新世期间萨拉乌苏河流域不太可能形成一个统一大湖,而最大可能是在2.0~7.1 ka BP期间,该地区存在与河流环境有关的较多分散的小湖泊或水洼[40]。MIS 2阶段湖泊环境是在低温、低蒸发状态下形成的,并且植被状况明显好于全新世时期,说明该地区凉湿气候环境比干燥度较大的高温、低湿度环境有利于植被的繁盛。蒸发量是一个重要的生态环境限制因子,水汽的来源与西风环流有关。

5 结 语

(1)无论从沉积地层记录,还是古环境替代指标(粒度、总有机碳),还是有机质正构烷烃指示的古生态环境,均表明沙漠-黄土过渡带萨拉乌苏河流域在末次冰期期间的古气候环境极不稳定,说明末次冰期期间气候不稳定性具有全球性。

(2)对于沙漠-黄土过渡带,在末次冰期期间存在的湖沼相沉积水体来源无论是西风环流,或者是夏季风带来的水汽,在温度相对较低的温凉情况下有利于植被的繁盛;在温度较高的环境,尽管绝对降雨量增加,但干燥度增加更明显时,生态环境仍然面临恶化的可能。

华南师范大学李保生教授提供了米浪沟湾剖面样品,华南师范大学温小浩副教授、牛东风博士等协助进行了野外工作,在此一并致谢!

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拉撒路范文6

Abstract: The compiling principles and methods of the Webster's American English Dictionary have exerted an influence not only on the compilations of both American and British English dictionaries, but also on the compilations of English-Chinese dictionary in China to some extent. In this paper, the author carries out a discussion on the influence of the Webster's American English Dictionary on the compilations of English dictionary and English-Chinese dictionary from the aspects of word collection, phonetic notation, and paraphrases, and pragmatics labels through the comparative analysis method.

Key words: Webster's American English Dictionary, English Dictionary; English-Chinese Dictionary; Influence

1 Influence of Webster's American English Dictionary on the compilations of American English Dictionaries

1.1 "English Dictionaries War" of the United States in the Nineteenth Century

In 1828, Webster published the American English Dictionary for the first time. The emergence of this dictionary gave rise to a great uproar in the intellectual community of the United States at that time, and eventually initiated the "dictionaries war", which was very well-known in United States in the nineteenth century and made almost all important figures in the intellectual community of the United States involved in it.Harry R. Warfel (Noah Webster-Schoolmaster to America) said: "the War .was probably of more vital significance than the Civil War [1]".

The lexicography reformers who were represented by Webster believed that the compilation of American English dictionary should include a large number of American English vocabularies, and the dictionary should give expression to the pronunciation and spelling of American English, and also the compilation way of American English dictionary should not completely follow the models of British English dictionaries. However, the older lines, represented by Worcester, thought that it was necessary for the compilation of dictionary to abide by the traditional English compiling models. The ultimate outbreak of the "English dictionaries war" was that the Comprehensive Pronouncing and Explanatory Dictionary of the language published by Worcester in 1830 was deemed to plagiarize the "American English Dictionary" of Webster.

Thus, with the purpose of clarifying the matters, Worcester specially wrote a letter to the editors of Palladium Magazine in December, 1834. In the letter, Worcester said, "... The design of my "Comprehensive Pronouncing and Explanatory Dictionary" was formed in 1827, while editing "Johnson's Dictionary as Improved by Todd, and abridged by Chalmers, with Walker's Pronouncing Dictionary Combined," and before the appearance of Dr. Webster's quarto dictionary.But before my Dictionary was prepared for the press, the publisher of Dr. Webster's Dictionary made repeated applications to me by letter, to form for him an abridgment of it, which I promptly declined. He then made a journey expressly for the purpose of engaging me to undertake the work. I mentioned to him that I was preparing a small Dictionary of my own; but at his urgent solicitation I was induced to undertake it, and to suspend the preparation of my own till it was completed.I also consented to insert the "synopsis of words differently pronounced," which I was preparing for my own use, with an express stipulation, in the contract, that I should use the Synopsis as I pleased, in my own Dictionary. This subject is mentioned, as you may see, at the beginning of the Preface to my Dictionary.

After having finished the abridgment, I proceeded in the preparation of my own work; but so far from appropriating the labors of Mr. Webster to my own use, I challenge any one to enumerate a dozen words in my Dictionary for which I cannot readily give other authorities than Dr. Webster, or to show that with respect to the rise, orthography or pronunciation of a dozen words, I have been governed solely by his authority [2]".

In addition to the argumentation on the dictionary plagiarism in newspapers and magazines, the two sides wanted to conquer the public of the United States through the compilations of their own dictionaries. In the mean time, the publishers of the United States energetically participated in this dictionaries war for the sake of their own interests.

In 1846, Worcester published the A Universal and Critical Dictionary of the English Language. After a great number of the new vocabularies at that time were collected in this Dictionary, a revision of American English Dictionary was published by Chauncey Allen Goodrich, son-in-law of Webster; in 1860, A Dictionary of the English Language published by Worcester pushed his lexicography to the peak, making him more powerful in this dictionaries war for a time.

In 1843, G&C Merriam Co. acquired the copyright of the revision of Webster's dictionary, and also Merriam Webster changed into a symbol of the renowned Webster's dictionaries. The dictionaries war was being rather fierce at the time the Company acquired Webster's dictionaries. However, the Company ensured the subscription of Webster's dictionaries with the help of the state laws, and attached extremely high importance to the revision and update of the dictionaries.

1.2 Influence of the "English Dictionaries War" on American English Lexicography

This "English Dictionaries War" generated a very important influence on the compilation and development of American English dictionaries.

First of all, the dictionary compilation prosperity emerged in the history of the United States for the first time and greatly promoted the compilation of American English dictionaries as well as the lexicographical publishing industry to attain a further development, such as Johnson’s English Dictionary, the Comprehensive Pronouncing and Explanatory Dictionary of the language, The American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge , A Universal and Critical Dictionary of the English Language , A Pronouncing,Explanatory, and Synonymous Dictionary of the English Language of Worcester, and the American Dictionary of English Language and its revised editions of Webster.

Second, the position of American English dictionaries was solidly laid in the English dictionaries world, and thus a smooth road was paved for the compilation of American English dictionaries.

Third, through the influence from the lexicographical activities, Webster successfully made many spelling ways proposed by him recognized by the public of the United States.

Fourth, this dictionaries war made Webster's American English Dictionary famous in the English dictionaries world. At the same time, the name of Webster was acknowledged to be a symbol of American English dictionaries.

2 Influence of American English Dictionary on Compilation of British English Dictionary

There were 5500 copies of American English Dictionary to be published in 1828. Among them, 2500 were sold in the United States, and the other 3000 were in Britain. Besides, the influence of this Dictionary was tremendous as well. The main influences of the Dictionary are as follows.

2.1 Knowledge in Encyclopedia was added in English Language Dictionary for the First Time

In American English Dictionary, some knowledge in encyclopedia was added. This was the first time for knowledge in encyclopedia was added in English language dictionary.

For example, some Encyclopedia vocabularies were collected, and the examples were selected from some encyclopedia magazines. Later, these ways were applied in British English dictionary as well.

In 1884, the vocabulary collection coverage of Oxford English Dictionary compiled and published by James Murray (lexicographer of Scotland) in 1837-1915 included literature, art, science, technology, business, medicine, education, history, geography and North American slangs, etc.

2.2American and British Pronunciations and Spellings were labeled in American English Dictionary for the First Time, and This Labeling Way was used in Many British English Dictionaries Latter

American and British pronunciations and spellings were labeled in American English Dictionary for the first time. Later, such a labeling way was used in many British English dictionaries, so as to label the pronunciations of American English, British English or other English. In the preface of the Webster’s New World Dictionary, it is written that a word is often labeled with two or more pronunciations, and is indicated to be universally accepted by the public of the United States in pronunciation if there are no labels. For example, the word evolution (ev'?藜; Brit. Usually&Cdn also, ē’v?藜) in the Dictionary is labeled with American pronunciation, British pronunciation and Canadian pronunciation. However, in the Cambridge International Dictionary of English (1995), not only American and British pronunciations and spellings of a word and also the different pronunciation and spelling forms of other English-speaking countries are labeled, such as the word behaviouralBr and Aus /bi'heivj?藜r?藜l/ and behavioral Am and Aus /bi'heivj?奁?藜l/. In addition, British English dictionaries also borrowed the spelling forms of some words in American English Dictionary, such as music and public. However, the British may not know that the native British English spelling ways of the two words were music k and publick actually.

2.3 Paraphrases in American English Dictionary are Clear and Accurate

The paraphrases in American English Dictionary are clear and accurate. Webster was called by Harry as a born schoolmaster in semantic paraphrases [3]. In the Oxford English Dictionary chiefly compiled by Webster, some paraphrases in American English Dictionary are directly borrowed, such as Biscuit: 1828 Webster, Biscuit, a composition of flour and butter, made and baked in private families.

2.4 American English Dictionary was the First Dictionary Labeling British and American usages in Paraphrases of Word

American English Dictionary was the first Dictionary labeling British and American usages in paraphrases of word. This way was widely applied in the compilation of British English dictionaries in the latter time, such as "homely adj in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (2001). 1. BrE simple and ordinary in a way that makes you feel comfortable; 2. people or faces that are homely are unattractive or ugly".

2.5 English Dictionaries before American English Dictionary Included Few Other Pragmatic Labels except Labeling Pronunciation, Spelling and Property of Words

The English dictionaries, which emerged before American English Dictionary, included few other kinds of pragmatic labels except labeling pronunciation, spelling and property of words.

In American English Dictionary, some pragmatic labels were used quite specifically from the perspective of standardizing the usages of words, such as obs, dial, colloq and slang. Later, these labels were also used in the words in many English dictionaries such as Harry's Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition and Cambridge International Dictionary of English (1995).

3 Influence of American English Dictionary on Compilation of English-Chinese Dictionary

In the compilation of English-Chinese dictionary of China, the compiling methods of many English dictionaries of the foreign countries are introduced. Among these methods, the compiling principles and methods of Webster's American English Dictionary are utilized most.

In 1975, the largest English-Chinese bilingual dictionary in Chinese and foreign language dictionaries of the People's Republic of China was the English-Chinese Dictionary that was chiefly edited by Gusun Lu, and included two volumes and collected twenty thousand words in total.

Over one hundred English dictionaries were introduced for references in the process of compiling the English-Chinese Dictionary. For example, the Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged, 1981 in Webster's English dictionaries can be seen in the English-Chinese Dictionary, which carries on a great number of the compiling methods of American English Dictionary. The English-Chinese Dictionary absorbed and integrated the compiling methods of the Webster's English dictionaries of the different periods, making the compiling methods richer and more suitable for China's English learners to use.

Therefore, take the English-Chinese Dictionary as an example in the following to give an introduction to the influence of Webster's American English Dictionary on the compilation of English-Chinese dictionary from the aspects of word collection, phonetic notation, and paraphrases, and pragmatics labels.

3.1 Comprehensive Word Collection

The comprehensiveness of word collection is the traditional feature and innovation of American English Dictionary.

However, the English-Chinese Dictionary has the same feature as well. In the preface of the English-Chinese Dictionary, it is written that this dictionary pays attention to not only collecting the names of persons, places and organizations in the vocabulary categories, and also including the historical events, myth allusions, religious sects, cultural communities, custom models, entertainment names and other special terms, for the purpose of including the comprehensive information as much as possible.

3.2 Labeling American and British Pronunciations and Spelling Forms

Another feature of English-Chinese Dictionary is making labels for American and British pronunciations and spelling forms. Therefore, influenced by English-Chinese Dictionary, the English-Chinese Dictionary also collected the pronunciation variants, which were used most commonly.

From the perspective of phonetic notation, the cases of the English-Chinese Dictionary show that each word is usually labeled with one pronunciation but sometimes its commonly-used pronunciation variants are included at the same time, and a comma is used to separate them generally; British English pronunciation is prior to American English pronunciation if there is British and American English pronunciation variants, and a comma is used to separate them generally.

For example, the "bimana/ 'bim?藜n?藜; bai'mein?藜/ n. [plural] "is in the English-Chinese Dictionary.

Also, American and British spelling forms of words are collected in the English-Chinese Dictionary. The cases of the English-Chinese Dictionary from entry and entry word show that entry words can be listed in an entry usually if there are British and American spelling ways; British spelling forms are used as the main entries after separation; using American spelling forms is equal to using reference to the main entry, such as color/ 'k?蘧l?藜(r) /n.,vt&vi = colour.

3.3 Comparing British and American English Usage Differences is one of the Traditions of American English Dictionary, and So Does the English-Chinese Dictionary

One of the traditions of American English Dictionary is making a comparison between English Usages and American English Usages. In this aspect, the English-Chinese Dictionary does a good job as well, such as the third paraphrase (Flat [usually~s]a building) of the word flat in the English-Chinese Dictionary.

According to the current usage in the United States, this word mainly refers to an apartment, which is badly structured and also has no heat or hot-water supplies, etc. However, in British English, this word does not mean this, but can refer to a very luxurious apartment.

3.4 Pragmatics Labels

In the pragmatics labels, the English-Chinese Dictionary not only carries on some traditional labels in American English Dictionary such as obs., dial., colloq. and slang, but also enriches the pragmatics labels. The number of the pragmatics labels which are used in the English-Chinese Dictionary can reach 47, such as baby words, taboo words, and intimate words.

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