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四级写作范文1
命题趋势分析
2015年1月,四、六级考委会顺利完成换届工作,本次考试成为新一届考委会暨命题委员会成立后的首考,具有风向标般的指导意义。综合本次三套真题,我们可以看出四级作文的命题表现出两大特点:一是上面提到的“新瓶装旧酒”,二是“反押题”。
“新瓶装旧酒”这一点将在下面的“真题解析”部分详述,这里首先说说“反押题”的趋势。2012年6月之前的四级作文大部分以“英文提示+汉语提纲”的组合形式出现;2012年12月四级作文出人意料地考查全英文形式的图表作文;2013年6月和12月两次考查全英文形式的图画作文;2014年6月和12月两次考查全英文形式的情景作文;2015年6月再次出现全英文形式的图画作文。可以说,自2012年6月起,四级作文的命题形式一直在变,具有强烈的“反押题”趋势。
真题解析
以往的考试中也曾出现过与本次考试类似的写作话题,只是本次考试的形式和要求有所改变,也就是所谓的“新瓶装旧酒”。具体分析如下。
真题一
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay. You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and comment on parents’ role in their children’s growth. You should write at least 120 but no more than 180 words.
简析:这道题的写作话题与2010年12月四级写作的话题“How Should Parents Help Kids to Be Independent?”十分类似,都是关于家长在孩子成长中扮演的角色问题。不过2010年12月的考题给了三个汉语提纲,本次考试则没有给出提纲,且整道题以全英文的形式出现。
考生首先要注意审题,全英文形式的作文审题应关注三个方面:①体裁―essay (议论文);②话题―parents’ role in their children’s growth (父母在孩子成长中扮演的角色);③内容要求―a brief description of the picture and comment (对图片进行简单描述并评论)。值得一提的是,本次考试的题目不要求写作文标题,因此考生没写标题也不会被扣分。针对“父母在孩子成长中的作用”这个话题,考生需要结合图画的信息来做出正面或负面的评论。
笔者在阅卷过程中发现不少考生出现偏题、跑题的现象,这说明这些考生的写作思路比较混乱。笔者建议考生围绕“主题―相关人/物―社会群体―素质意识”这条线展开写作,确保所写的内容切题。以这道真题为例,在首段进行图画描述时,考生应写到主题涉及的相关人,即“父母”与“孩子”,然后写到相关物,具体可为“消息内容”“母女心态”等;在第二、三两段进行评论时,考生则可以根据图画的内容联系现实,写社会群体中存在此类现象并论述其利或弊,最后再指出培养孩子独立性这一素质或意识的重要性并提出相应的建议。
范文:This is a simple but enlightening cartoon: A youngster informs her mother of a good piece of news, “Good news mom! I was accepted by the college of your choice.” Apparently, the girl’s mother is exceedingly delighted to hear this piece of news.
Though parents can offer support to their kids for their success, it is not advisable for parents to be overprotective. In contemporary society, it has become a trend for a host of young people to excessively depend on their parents. Meanwhile, an increasing number of teenagers find it quite comfortable to be indulged by their parents. A case in point is the girl in the picture. However, it is the parents’ protection that does not enable kids to build up adequate independence and competence to face society on their own.
As a college student, I am convinced that it is of great necessity for youngsters to grow by learning to make choices independently. Do bear this in mind: Parents cannot make choices for kids for the rest of their lives.
点评:范文的首段首句摒弃阅卷中多数考生所写的“As is vividly described/depicted … ”或“From the picture, we can see … ”这两种结构,以简单清晰的介绍开篇,然后再结合图画内容进行描述。第二段首句则直接点明主题,指出父母不应该过分保护自己的孩子;第二至四句则重在从描述现象、孩子对这种保护的反应以及举例等角度来进一步将图画与现实结合;第五句则使用强调句式指出这种现象的危害。而尾段则联系自身提出建议并发起号召。
此外,这个范文多处选用书面表达来替换口头表达或考生作文中反复用到的陈旧表达。比如,用it is not advisable for parents to替换parents should not,用an increasing number of替换more and more,用a case in point替换for example,用I am convinced that替换I think that,用it is of great necessity替换it is very necessary等。
真题二
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay based on the picture. You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and comment on this kind of modern life. You should write at least 120 but no more than 180 words.
简析:图片描述的是人们“工作、生活、娱乐都玩电脑,连睡觉时都梦到电脑”的现象,考生应该主要从计算机对生活的消极影响这个角度展开写作。2013年12月四级考到过“手机、网络对人们交流方式的影响”,与本次考试的这个话题十分相似。
这篇作文的图画主题比较明确,然而笔者在阅卷时仍然发现部分考生的作文跑题,原因是考生在审题时没有注意到四个场景中均有计算机,因而只写了“现代生活的单调”。阅卷组认为,作文要是没有写到“计算机的消极影响”这个大方向,就是跑题,其得分不会超过总分的30%。大量跑题作文警示考生,审题时务必关注细节。这道题的写作依然可以按照“主题―相关人/物―社会群体―素质意识”的思路展开。
范文:This is a simple but thought-provoking cartoon: A man uses his computer during work time, at home and when he plays; what’s more, when he is sleeping, he even dreams that he is sitting in front of the computer.
This picture can be naturally associated with people’s addiction to this invention. In contemporary society, it has become a trend for a host of people to spend most of their time on PCs and tablets, either in life, at work or study hours. A case in point is the person in the picture. On the one hand, an increasing number of individuals find it convenient to work, entertain or kill time with computers. On the other hand, large numbers of intelligent people have come to realize the negative impacts of this trend―some people have become slaves to computers. It is computers that do not enable people to spend adequate time caring for friends, family members and other significant issues.
Do bear this in mind: Computers are just our tools. Thus, we should remind our classmates and friends to be sensible when using computers.
点评:比较真题一与真题二的范文,考生会发现里面有很多重复的句型和表达,这说明考生在写作其他话题时可以灵活使用这些句型和表达。就写作思路而言,这篇作文与真题一的写作如出一辙,仅在二、三段略有调整,使用了on the one hand和on the other hand的逻辑关系来比较计算机的利弊,然后使用“it is … that”强调句式的否定形式指出具体危害。第三段首句提出号召,随后提出建议。
真题三
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay based on the picture. You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and comment on kids’ understanding of going to school. You should write at least 120 but no more than 180 words.
简析:2013年12月四级作文考到了话题为“网络对教育的影响”的图画作文,本次考试这道真题的话题与那道题类似。笔者阅卷时发现,在三道考题中,这道题的跑题率最高,原因依然是考生审题不周。不少考生只写了手机对学生的影响,但忽略了Directions对话题的限定,即kids’ understanding of going to school (孩子对上学的理解),考生应围绕孩子对教育意义的片面看法展开讨论。就写作思路而言,考生仍然可以延续前两个范文的思路来展开写作。
范文:This is a simple and funny but enlightening cartoon, in which a mother is telling her son to go to school. To her surprise, however, the youngster responds, “Why am I going to school if my phone knows everything?”
Apparently, this picture can be naturally associated with kids’ incorrect understanding of going to school. Many teenagers are convinced that it is of no value to them to go to school, because it has become a trend for a host of students to acquire useful information using cell phones or computers. Furthermore, an increasing number of teenagers find it convenient and efficient to learn with the help of phones. A case in point is the kid in the picture. But, it is also cell phones that do not enable many students to understand the essence of education.
If youngsters intend to acquire talents, it is advisable for them to not only acquire knowledge, but also cultivate their own spirits of cooperation and diligence as well as communication skills. Thus, parents and teachers should educate and encourage their kids to cultivate these qualities. Do bear this in mind: Education does not merely mean “knowing everything.”
点评:这篇范文的语言表达和写作思路与前两篇范文大同小异,在这里不再点评赘述。
综上所述,三道真题命题形式相同,话题类似,考生均可以从描述现象、分析原因和利弊以及提出建议的思路展开写作。
备考建议
四级写作“新瓶装旧酒”的命题趋势表明,真题复习十分重要。笔者建议考生从“实战”“背写”和“翻译”三个角度来复习真题。
第一,“实战”指的是限时训练。基础稍差的考生应开始加强备考,按照考试要求在30分钟内完成写作,以此提前适应考场写作。练习完之后,考生一定要找老师或英语基础扎实的同学修改作文,以完善自己的表达。当然考生也可以将自己的作文与范文进行比较,找到差距并想办法提升。
四级写作范文2
主谓不一致,人称与动词不符。例如:
My sister go to the cinema at least once a week. (误)
My sister goes to the cinema at least once a week. (正)
上面例句中,主语是My sister ,为第三人称,所以谓语动词应该用第三人称单数形式goes才正确,这种主谓不一致的错误在写作中是很常见的问题,稍一疏忽就会犯,考生需要更加细心才行。
句子成分残缺不全,语句不通。例如:
We should read books may be useful to us. (误)
We should read books which may be useful to us. (正)
这是一个定语从句的例句,其中which在从句中做的是主语,所以不能省略,一旦省略就会造成句子成分残缺,考试中大家在写完一句话时要记得读一遍看看通不通顺。
句子成分多余,累赘复杂。例如:
This test is end, but there is another test is waiting for you. (误)
One test ends, but another is waiting for you. (正)
这一句的错误有点中式英语的味道,逐字逐句对应翻译,there is 放在这里,累赘而又繁琐。
动词时态、语态的误用,前后不一致。例如:
I was walking along the road, and there are not so many cars on the street. (误)
I was walking along the road and there were not so many vehicles on the street. (正)
这个例句中前面是was walking ,所以后面也要用相应的过去进行时were,同一个句子里,没有特殊情况,前后时态时要保持一致的。
We have little time to read some books which we interest. (误)
四级写作范文3
Many people insist that...
很多人坚持认为...
With the development of science and technology, more and more people believe that...
随着科技的发展,越来越多的人认为...
A lot of people seem to think that...
很多人似乎认为...
引出不同观点:
People's views on... vary from person to person. Some hold that... . However, others believe that....
人们对...的观点因人而异.有些人认为.....然而其他人却认为...
People may have different opinions on...
人们对...可能会有不同的见解.
Attitudes towards (drugs) vary from person to person.
人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异.
There are different opinions among people as to...
关于.... 人们的观点大不相同.
Different people hold different attitudes toward (failure).
对(失败)人们的态度各不相同.
结尾部分
Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that...
把所有这些因素加以考虑,我们自然会得出结论...
Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that...
考虑所有这些因素,我们可能会得出合理的结论...
Hence/Therefore, we'd better come to the conclusion that...
因此,我们最好得出这样的结论...
There is no doubt that (job-hopping) has its drawbacks as well as merits.
毫无疑问,跳槽有优点也有缺点.
All in all, we cannot live without... But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.
总之,我们没有...是无法生活的.但同时,我们必须寻求新的解决办法来对付可能出现的新问题.
提出建议:
It is high time that we put an end to the (trend). 该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了.
It is time to take the advice of ... and to put special emphasis on the improvement of ...
该是采纳...的建议,并对...的进展给予特殊重视的时候了.
There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of ...
毫无疑问,对...问题应予以足够的重视.
Obviously,.... If we want to do something... , it is essential that...
显然,如果我们想做某事,很重要的是...
Only in this way can we... 只有这样,我们才能...
It must be realized that... 我们必须意识到...
预示后果:
Obviously, if we don't control the problem, the chances are that... will lead us in danger.
很明显,如果我们不能控制这一问题,很有可能我们会陷入危险.
No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that...
毫无疑问,除非我们采取有效措施,很可能会...
四级写作范文4
关键词: 英语专业四级 英语便条写作 应用文写作教学改革
应用文写作不仅能考查学生的语法、词汇等语言能力,而且能考查学生的表达能力、组织能力、分析能力和逻辑推理能力等,是学生语言综合素养的反应。英语专业四级便条写作是一种内容简短的书信形式写作,要求学生仔细阅读和分析所给的情景,就便条涉及的内容进行临时性的询问、留言和通知等,大多有较紧迫的时间限制,考查学生的语言交际能力。本文试从英语专业四级便条写作着手,分析其写作特点,研究多种课堂教学方法在实践中的应用,进而使学生掌握应用文的写作技巧,提高独立撰写各类英语文书的水平。
一、英语便条的写作特点
英文书信有正式与非正式之分,英文便条为非正式书信。作为一种简短信函,它多使用非正式语体,因此形式比一般书信简单,突出实用性和功能性。专四的便条写作比较容易得分,因为已经非常模式化,所以学生可以将各套真题中的不同主题下的优秀便条加以归纳总结,找出其固定的表达模式加以灵活运用,如表达建议类的便条,可以按照背景陈述、建议内容、理由罗列和鼓励话语的模式,结合情景所给出的细节扩写即可。一般而言,专四便条写作在评分上有几个标准:注意格式、内容、语言和字数,在10分钟要写50~60词,格式正确、内容完整、语言得体。其中在内容上是否达成良好的文字沟通,要传递的信息是否得以体现是考查学生交际能力的一个重点。
二、课堂教学方法的应用
鉴于以上对便条写作的特点分析,不难发现便条写作等应用文体的写作应侧重实践操作性,只介绍应用文体的写作知识,如介绍如何写开头,如何写主体,如何写结尾等会使学生产生厌倦情绪,应加以改进。一般而言,为达到提高学生兴趣与写作效率的目的,应用文写作课应采纳以下几种教学方法。
1.案例教学法
教师可以将同一主题下分属不同档次的范文作为案例组织教学,要求这一案例必须与教学内容紧密结合,如在一封道歉便条中,对提出建议作为补偿的表达:“I shall be obliged if you will come to my home and we will discuss it further.”就比“You must come to my home and we will discuss it further.”的表达更礼貌一些。通过对具体案例表达的细节比较,学生很直观地形成对所写主题的感性认识,提高写作效率。
2.小组讨论法
将案例提前提供给学生,要求学生做好预习准备。在课堂上分组讨论该案例,并派代表发言,鼓励学生进行头脑风暴、辩论等活动进而加深对应用文知识和写作方法与技巧的掌握。如在练习祝贺便条的写法时,给学生一个情景:以校友的身份对本校50周年校庆写封祝贺便条,在分组讨论中,学生分别考虑到写作的步骤、写信人的身份、语言的得体性和写信的格式等问题,这不仅可以培养学生的表达能力和思维能力,还可以培养与他人合作的能力。
3.任务驱动法
课前教师先引入本单元的写作课题及任务,介绍完成该任务需达到的要求和实施任务的步骤,接着学生按教师的要求执行任务,最后报告任务完成的情况。任务完成后,教师总结任务的完成情况,分析在实践操作过程中遇到的具体的问题及解决办法。如Tom考试失利,好友如何写封安慰便条帮助Tom走出伤心的阴霾,要求学生在写作中首先点明慰问的事情并安慰好友,最后表达良好的祝愿。在这一情景任务的驱动下,按照教师的提纲规划,学生对这一主题的便条写作便得心应手,游刃有余。
4.读写结合法
在写作教学中,不管是句段写作还是篇章写作,都可以让学生先进行大量的阅读以读促写。应用文写作也不例外,先让学生在读的过程中理解范文大意,熟悉该主题的结构与格式特点,然后要求学生模仿写作,这种以读促写的教学方式不仅可以提高学生阅读能力,还可以增强语言的输人和语篇构建能力。例如在写道歉便条时,先提供给学生大量的道歉便条范例,让学生总结出写道歉便条的注意事项,如要用表示道歉的字眼明确表达歉意,要求对方谅解,切忌对自己的过失做过多辩解,之后便很容易地明白道歉便条的写作模式。
综上所述,应用文写作教学应改变传统的教学模式,让学生明确教学任务和方向,在实践中不断丰富写作知识,掌握一定的写作规律,学会运用这些知识修改病文病例,最终提高写作能力。此外,对应用文写作课堂教学模式进行分析还可不同程度地培养实用型人才,提升学生的就业竞争力。
参考文献:
[1]毕建模.略论写作构思与问题规范[J].岱宗学刊,2002(3).
[2]陈宏.应用写作教学改革新探[J].漳州职业技术学院学报,2006(1):94—96.
[3]戴丽莎.应用文写作教学质量提高之我见[J].教师·理论研究,2008.
[4]付雪莲.应用文写作教学方法探讨[J].重庆文理学院学报(社会科学版),2008,(06).
[5]李延凤.应用写作教学现状与对策研究[J].教育与职业,2007(4):109—110.
四级写作范文5
As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent.I think that ____。
2.总而言之,整个社会应该密切关注……这个问题。只有这样,我们才能在将来……
In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ______.Only in this way can ______in the future。
3.但是,……和……都有它们各自的优势(好处)。例如,……,而……然而,把这两者相比较,我更倾向于(喜欢)……
But ______and ______have their own advantages.For example, _____, while_____.Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to______。
4.就我个人而言,我相信……,因此,我坚信美好的未来正等着我们。因为……
Personally, I believe that_____.Consequently, I'm confident that a bright future is awaiting us because______。
5.随着社会的发展,……因此,迫切需要……如果每个人都愿为社会贡献自已的一份力量,这个社会将要变得越来越好。
With the development of society, ______.So it“s urgent and necessary to ____.If every member is willing to contribute himself to the society, it will be better and better。
6.至于我(对我来说,就我而言),我认为……更合理。只有这样,我们才能……
For my part, I think it reasonable to_____.Only in this way can you _____。
7.对我来说,我认为有必要……原因如下:第一,……; 第二,……;最后……但同样重要的是……
In my opinion, I think it necessary to____.The reasons are as follows.First _____.Second ______.Last but not least,______。
8.在总体上很难说……是好还是坏,因为它在很大程度上取决于……的形势。然而,就我个人而言,我发现……
It is difficult to say whether _____is good or not in general as it depends very much on the situation of______.However, from a personal point of view find______。
9.综上所述,我们可以清楚地得出结论……
From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that____。
四级写作范文6
一. 时间安排
2分钟审题+8分钟打草稿
注意:打草稿完全可以在正式开考前完成,开考前10分钟时间虽然不能翻动卷子,但是能看得到作文,这时大脑里面就可以构思并打草稿了,没发草稿纸直接写在卷子上,只要不翻动卷子,老师是不会说什么的,就算说也要大胆悄悄写。等正式开考的时候作文基本成型了,30分钟时间完全可以搞定。边誊写在答题卡上边看看草稿还有哪些地方不足,哪些地方怎么写会更好,这就相当于是对作文的第二遍加工了,第二遍肯定比第一遍更加完美对不对。
不打草稿直接写的缺点:写着写着很可能大脑空白,无从下笔(你懂得,很紧张)。写完下一句了发现前一句写得不够恰当,这时已经无力回天了,不可能划掉重写吧,会影响整个卷面形象的。
二.字迹一定要工整(相信很多人都知道作文很大一部分得分因素是印象分),因此,不要写一写画一画,画一画再写一写,会影响改卷老师心情的。
三 .如何写好句子(简单句变复杂,简单词换高级词)
1. 尽量写主谓宾,把简单句变难:如be+形容词换成be of+名词会显得更有营养点;
动名ing形式做主语(Eating green vegetable is good for health);将主动语态变被动语态;A and B变成:not only A but also B.
2. 少用第一印象词。for instance :very可以用exceedingly,extraodinarily , tremendously,
extremely代替; more and more用increasingly代替; popular用prevalent代替;important用significant代替;vital用essential代替,about用concerning代替,prefer to用passionate ,many用numerous代替,much用enormous代替。
哈:当很多人都用very表达非常的时候,你用了exceedingly,有没有高大上,眼前一亮的感觉。
3. 要修饰和并列
名词前加形容词修饰,动词和形容词(表特征)前用副词(表程度)修饰。
如:
He loves the girl.
修饰后可以是这样:He exceedingly loves the beautiful and cute girl.(他非常爱这个漂亮又可爱的女孩),这就是动词和名词前的修饰以及名词的并列了。既美观又增加了单词量。不用愁词穷了吧。。。。哈哈
四.写作万能理由
1.方便:It is convenient for sb to sth
2.经济:save time and money
3.效率:enhance(提高)the efficiency of……
4.健康: sth is good for your physical and mental health 5.经验:accumulate the experience
6.增加情感:Increase the emotional communication
7.发展科技:sth is beneficial to the development of science , technology and culture
8.丰富生活:colorful life。
五.作文如何分段
1.全文至少三段(只有一段或者两段是要被扣分的哦),每一段中文提纲至少一段。
2.全文总分总,第一段总起(描述现象,图画和图表作文简单描述图中内容),由某个现象引入中心,也就是引题。第二主体,分论点讨论why或how。第三段总结(得出结论,表明观点或者提出建议)。注意:如果是利弊型作文则二三段分别描述利与弊),第四段才是得出结论,表明观点或者提出建议。
注意:除了写通知写请假条之外的作文都可以写成两种形式,为什么why和怎么做how.
如何写好每一段每一句(以三段为例)针对基础一般的孩子,高手可以绕道!!!
第一段(篇幅不用太多,不要写得太过,三句话就可以搞定):
第一句:描述现象引入中心(包括时间+地点,条件+伴随)如:currently/previously in China,with the development of our society increasingly faster,1.大家都认为:it is generally acknowledged that……2.越来越多的人认为:an increasing number of people maintain /deem/reckon that……3.有一个广泛的现象:A widespread phenomenon……,注意:省略号为中心内容,三者引入方式任选其一即可
第二句:描述身边的事实去加强这个现象的存在性,可以通过以下四种方式去描述(任选其一):1.排比 2.过去对比现在:比如 10年前很少有人有电脑,而今几乎人手一台电脑(Ten years ago……however now ……)。3.举例法:比如 电脑游戏很普及,我们班48个人里面有43个同学喜欢玩电脑游戏(43 out of 48 students in my class are passionate about……)。4名人名言:如 某个名人曾说/我大学教授曾告诉我们(as a famous proverb says/my professor in sociology once told us ……
第三句:强调中心内容 1.但是……关于这个问题,不同的人有不同的看法(实用于对比型,利弊型作文)。如:however。Which is superior,people’s viewpoint differ dramatically.2.因此,如何解决这个问题,不同的人有不同的看法(适用于问题解决型作文) (how to solve the problem has become a matter of concern for many)3.为什么会有这个现象发生呢,大家都很关心(适用于应用文)。Why does/is this happen ,everyone express serious concerns for the reasons.
作文第一段示例:during the rush hour, you can see that thousands of people —men and women ,old and young—ride their bicycle to work and study. That is why china is called “the kingdom of bicycle”.(点评:开门见山,言简意赅,看似写得简单又不失重点,举例论证中心,具有说服力)
第二段(我就不一句一句说明了,大体就是分几个点去说明中心,为什么会出现某种现象或者怎么解决某个问题或者就某个观点分点论证):
It is true that/the reason of……in several aspects /There are many reasons explaining……(First and foremost/To start with +原因/方法+结果。Secondly/what is more+原因/方法/+例子。L ast and not the least+原因/方法+假设/对比(Therefore/as a result ……得出本段结论。
注意:可能会用到的句子:this largely due to the fact that……。
If……people will/would
双原因的使用:not only does it…… but it also
第三段:结尾段:我的看法/总结
第一句:我的看法+双原因
第二句:重述观点
第三句:应该怎么办+展望未来
1. when it come to me ,the former sounds more reasonable
2. in my point of view, I am in favor of latter
3. as far as I am concerned ,both A and B ought to take immediately measures
to……
To conclude/To wrap up,
结尾段示例:To conclude, excessive packing is totally unnecessary, not only does it cause a huge amount of waste ,butconsumers spend extra money on the useless things, I hope that the manufacturers will focus on the quality of the products so that every cent we pay is worth the price.(注意红色的标记)
作文常见的四个错误:
1. 动词原形当主语eg: Build a harmonious society。这句话对吗?显然不对,动
词做主语应加ing。
2. 长句(非并列句)谓语动词个数大于两个,eg: There is an increasing number
of people deem that……(越来越多的人认为……)。这个句子炸一看感觉非常正确,没有啥错误,仔细分析会发现有两个谓语即is和deem这是不对的,因此要在deem前加who,这样就对啦。
3. 名词裸奔。应要有冠词和所有格。
4. 时态用错,拼写错误。
注意:关于作文有关的内容到此为止,有不认识的词请查词典,平时多积累单词,对四级想必是极好的!!
以上内容仅供参考,有不当的地方请多包涵和指正,有不清楚的地方可以问我,或者给我留言。