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舒服英文范文1
Date of Signature:____________________.
Place of Signature:____________________.
This Contract is made and entered into through friendly negotiation by and between China____________________ (hereinafter referred to as “Client”), as one party, and____________________ (hereinafter referred to as“Consultant”),as the other party, concerning the technical consultancy service of__________, under the following terms and conditions:
Article 1 Contents of Technical Consultancy Service
1.1 Whereas Client desires to obtain the technical consultancy service of from Consultant and Consultant has agreed to perform such services.
1.2 The Scope of Technical Services is defined in Appendix 1.
1.3 The Time Schedule for the Services is shown in Appendix 2.
1.4 The Manning Schedule is described in Appendix 3.
1.5 Consultant shall complete the Services within__________months from the Effective Date of this Contract and furnish the final technical service report, including drawings, designing documents, all kinds of standards and photos, within____months. Consultant shall keep aware, free of charge, Client of the latest development of similar projects and any progress made in order to improve the designing of the project.
Article 2 Both Parties' Responsibility and Liability
2.1 Client shall furnish to Consultant the pertinent data, technical service reports, maps and information available to him and shall give to Consultant the reasonable assistance necessary for carrying out of his duties. Particularly Client shall nominate a general representative who shall be available at reasonable time.
2.2 Client shall assist Consultant with the responsible authorities for obtaining visas, work permits and other documents required by Consultant to enter the country and to have access to the Site of the Project. The above expenses shall be borne by Consultant.
2.3 Consultant shall furnish a sufficient number of competent personnel to perform its obligation hereunder, in addition to those personnel specifically listed in Appendix 3. All personnel employed by Consultant in carrying out the work shall be exclusively Consultant's responsibility, and Consultant shall hold Client harmless from any claims of any kind by Consultant's personnel arising out of any acts by Consultant or its personnel in connection with the work performed hereunder.
2.4 Consultant shall provide Client all the technical technical service reports and relevant documentation within the Scope of Technical Services and within the Time Schedule of the Time Schedule for the Services.
2.5 Consultant shall assist Client＇S personnel in his country in obtaining visas and in arranging lodgings. Hotel and boarding expenses shall be borne by Client. Consultant shall supply to Client＇S personnel office space and necessary facilities as well as transportation.
2.6 Consultant shall be responsible for and shall indemnify Client and his employee in respect of injury to person or damage to property occurring in connection with the services, to the extent that such damage or injury directly results from negligence of Consultant's personnel while engaged in activities under this Contract.Consultant shall be liable only to the work under this Contract.
2.7 Any and all liability of Consultant with respect to this Contract shall be limited to the Total Contract Price received by Consultant for his profession services and shall terminate upon expiration of the warranty period set forth in Article 7.3.
Article 3 Price and Payment
3.1 The total contract price is__________(say __________________only) in________(currency). The breakdown prices of the above mentioned total contract price are as follows:
Contract Price for Item 1: ______(say ____________only) in________ (currency); Contract Price for Item 2: ______(say ____________only) in________ (currency); Contract Price for Item 3: ______(say ____________only) in________ (currency); Contract Price for Item 4: ______(say ____________only) in________ (currency).
3.2 The total contract price will include all the service and technology provided by Consultant. The total contract price shall be firm and fixed and shall not fluctuate with any inflation. The total contract price shall include all charges and expenses incurred by Consultant in performing his obligations both in his own country and in the People's Republic of China and includes the expenses incurred in sending the Technical Documentation to Client's office by all kinds of forms.
In the event of Force Majeure as defined in the Contract, the total contract price shall be readjusted through friendly negotiations between the parties. If Client requires services not contemplated in the Scope of Services the parties shall friendly discuss an amendment to the
total contract price. Any such amendment shall be in writing countersigned by both parties. This document shall then form integral part of the Contract.
3.3 All payments to be made by Client to Consultant under the present Contract shall be made by telegraphic transfer. In case of any payment by Client, the payment shall be effected through__________in China to _________ for the account of Consultant.
In consideration for the services provided by Consultant hereunder, Client shall effect the payment to Consultant in accordance with the following manner and percentage:
3.3.1 _______ percent (________ %) of the total contract price, i.e._____________ (Say: ________ only), shall be paid by Client to Consultant within ________ (____) days after the client has received the following documents provided by Consultant and found them in order.
A. One (1) original and two (2) duplicate copies of Consultant's government approval, or a written statement of the competent authorities or relevant agency of Consultant's country certifying that such document is not required;
B. One (1) original and one (1) duplicate copy of Irrevocable Letter of Guarantee for advance payment issued by Consultant's Bank in favor of Client covering_______(Say:________ only), specimen of which is as per Appendix 4;
C. Five (5) copies of profoma invoice covering the total contract price;
D. Five (5) copies of manually signed commercial invoice indicating the amount to be paid;
E. Two (2) copies of sight draft.
The said shall be delivered by Consultant not later than ____days after the effective date of the ________present Contract.
3.3.2 ________percent (____%) of the Contract price for Item 1, i.e._________ (Say: __________ only) shall be paid by Client to Consultant within _____ (__) days after Consultant has received the following documents provided by Consultant and found them in order.
A. Ten (10) copies of technical service report on Item 1;
B. Five (5) copies of manually signed commercial invoice indicating the amount to be paid;
C. Two (2) copies of sight draft.
3.3.3 ________ percent (____%) of the Contract price for Item 2, i.e. ___________ (Say: ____________ only) shall be paid by Client to Consultant within ________ (___) days after Licensee has received the following documents provided by Consultant and found themin order.
A. Ten (10) copies of technical service report on Item 1;
B. Five (5) copies of manually signed commercial invoice indicating the amount to be paid;
C. Two (2) copies of sight draft.
3.3.4 ________percent (____%) of the Contract price for Item 3, i.e._________ (Say: __________ only) shall be paid by Client to Consultant within _____ (__) days after Consultant has received the following documents provided by Consultant and found them in order.
A. Ten (10) copies of technical service report on Item 1;
B. Five (5) copies of manually signed commercial invoice indicating the amount to be paid;
C. Two (2) copies of sight draft.
3.3.5 ________percent (____%) of the Contract price for Item 4, i.e._________ (Say: __________ only) shall be paid by Client to Consultant within _____ (__) days after Consultant has received the following documents provided by Consultant and found them in order.
A. Ten (10) copies of technical service report on Item 1;
B. Five (5) copies of manually signed commercial invoice indicating the amount to be paid;
C. Two (2) copies of sight draft.
3.3.6 ________percent (____%) of the Total Contract price , i.e._________ (Say: __________ only) shall be paid by Client to Consultant within _____ (__) days after Consultant has received the following documents provided by Consultant and found them in order.
A. Five (5) copies of manually signed commercial invoice indicating the amount to be paid;
B. Two (2) copies of sight draft.
3.4 In case Consultant is liable for paying to Client the penalty under the Contract, Client shall have the right to deduct it from any said payment.
3.5 The banking charges of both parties incurred in China for the execution of the Contract shall be borne by Client and those incurred outside China shall be borne by Consultant.
Article 4 Delivery Schedule
4.1 The deadline for the arrival of the Technical service reports CIF _____ are:
A. Technical service report on Item 1 : _________months after effectiveness of the Contract;
B. Technical service report on Item 2 : _________months after effectiveness of the Contract;
C. Technical service report on Item 3 : _________months after effectiveness of the Contract;
D. Technical service report on Item 4 : ________months after effectiveness of the Contract.
4.2 Consultant will inform Client by Fax when the Technical service reports are airmailed to Client indicating the date and number of airway bill. Client will inform Consultant when the Technical service reports have been received.
4.3 Should any document be missing or damaged during the transport Consultant shall be notified accordingly and within two (2) weeks the missing or damaged document shall be replaced by Consultant free of charge.
Article 5 Confidentiality
5.1 All data assembled, developed, compiled, reproduced, studied, and prepared in connection with the work done hereunder and furnished to Consultant by Client shall be considered confidential and shall not be divulged to any person, firm or corporation other than Client or its designated representatives. This Clause shall remain binding on Consultant notwithstanding the termination of the Contract for any reason.
5.2 Within the validity period of Contract, Both parties shall take proper measures to keep the materials or information strictly confidential. The other party shall not disclose or divulge to any third party without prior written consent of one party.
5.3 Either party shall be obliged to keep confidential any secret information of the other party which either party and its personnel may obtain or be accessible to in the course of the performance of Contract. Either party shall not make use of or disclose such secret information obtained from the other party without prior written permission issued by the other party.
Article 6 Taxes and Duties
6.1 All taxes and duties in connection with and in the execution of Contract levied by the Chinese government on Client in accordance with the tax laws of PRC shall be borne by Client.
6.2 All taxes and duties levied by the Chinese government on Consultant, in connection with and in the execution of Contract, according to Chinese tax laws and the agreement between the government of PRC and the government of Consultant's country for the reciprocal avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income shall be borne by Consultant.
Client is legally obliged to withhold, as a withholding agent, the amount of taxes pro rata each taxable payment under Contract and pay them to the relevant Chinese tax authorities. After receiving the tax receipts issued by the relevant Chinese tax authorities for the aforesaid withholding taxes, Client shall forward them to Consultant without undue delay.
6.3 All taxes and duties arising outside PRC in connection with and in the execution of Contract shall be borne by Consultant.
Article 7 Warranty
7.1 Consultant warrants that he has the experience and capability to efficiently and expeditiously perform the services in a satisfactory manner and that the services performed by him under this Contract shall be performed by competent personnel in accordance with accepted standards.
7.2 In the event of a failure of Consultant to provide to Client satisfactory services within the scope of work described in Appendix at any time for any reason within the control of the Consultant, Client may notify Consultant of such dissatisfaction. Consultant shall be afforded a period of days to correct or remedy the matter. Should Consultant within the time afforded by Client fail to correct or remedy the matter to the satisfaction of Client, all charges shall cease forthwith until such time as Consultant is able to provide satisfactory services in accordance with the Scope of work described in Appendix.
7.3 Consultant guarantees to Client that he shall, after receipt of notice from Client, promptly correct at no cost any errors in the services arising out of the negligent performance thereof.
Article 8 Ownership of Technical Service Reports
8.1 Final version of the technical service report submitted to Client and all relevant data such as maps, plans and supporting material compiled in performing the Scope of Services, shall be the property of Client. Such materials shall be sorted and indexed by Consultant prior to transmission to Client.
8.2 Consultant shall be permitted to retain copies thereof, provided however that such materials, including the material furnished by Client as stated in Article 5 of this Contract, shall not be used by Consultant for purposes not related with this Project without the prior written approval of Client.
Article 9 Assignment
9.1 Neither Client nor Consultant shall assign or sublet their rights or obligations hereunder without the prior written consent of the other party.
Article 10 Termination
10.1 If, due to the responsibility of Consultant, the technical service reports have not been delivered at dates according to the delivery schedules as stipulated in Article 4 of the Contract, Consultant shall be obliged to pay to Client penalty for such delay in delivery at the following rates:
A. ______ percent (____%) of the total contract price per week for the first four weeks;
B. _____ percent (____%) of the total contract price per week from the fifth week to the eighth week;
C. ______ percent (____%) of the total contract price per week from the ninth week of delay.
Odd days less than one (1) week shall be counted as one (1) week for calculating the liquidated damage.
10.2 The total liquidated damage for late delivery shall not exceed ______ percent (____%) of the total contract price. Payment of the liquidated damage for late delivery shall not release
Consultant from its obligation to deliver technical service reports.
10.3 Client may, without prejudice to any other remedy for Consultant's following breach of Contract, terminate Contract in whole or in part by a written notice of default send to Consultant, if Consultant
A. Fails to deliver any or all of technical service reports within______(____) days after the scheduled delivery date as specified in Article 1; or
B. Fails to make the technical service reports meet the minimum level of Acceptance Standards as specified in Appendix 1.
Consultant shall refund to Client all the payments effected by Client to Consultant plus an interest at the rate of______ percent (____%) per annum in case of such a termination.
10.4 Either party may, without prejudice to any other remedy, terminate Contract in whole or in part by a written notice send to the other party, if the other party.
A. fails to perform its confidentiality obligation under Contract; or
B. fails to perform any other obligations under Contract except minor parts thereof, and does not remedy for its failure within a period of______ (____) days upon receipt of the written notice or a period agreed upon between the parties; or
C. becomes bankrupt or insolvent; or
D.Affected by any event of Force Majeure for more than ______ days.
Article 11 Force Majeure
11.1 Should either party be prevented from performing any of its obligations under Contract due to event of Force Majeure, such as war, serious fire, typhoon, earthquake, flood and any other events which could not be expected, avoided and overcome, the affected party shall notify the other party of its occurrence by fax and send by registered airmail a certificate issued by the competent authorities or agency within fourteen (14) days following its occurrence.
11.2 The affected party shall not be liable for any delay or failure in performing any or all of its obligations due to the event of Force Majeure. However, the affected party shall inform the other party by fax the termination or elimination of the event of Force Majeure without delay.
11.3 Both parties shall proceed with their obligations immediately after the cease of the event of Force Majeure or removal of the effects. The validity period of Contract and/or the scheduled period for relative execution of Contract shall be extended correspondingly.
Article 12 Arbitration
12.1 Any dispute arising from or in connection with this Contract shall be submitted to China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission，Shenzhen Commission for arbitration in accordance with the Commission's arbitration rules in effect at the time of applying for arbitration. The arbitral award is final and binding upon both parties and the applicable law is the material law of P.R.C.
12.2 Notwithstanding any reference to arbitration, both Parties shall continue to perform their respective obligations under the Contract unless otherwise agreed.
Article 13 Language and Standards
13.1 Correspondance except this Contract between Client and Consultant, data and documents made available by Client to Consultant and the technical service reports and drawings prepared by Consultant shall be in the English language.
13.2 Measures shall be written in the metric system.
Article 14 Governing Law
14.1 The construction, validity and performance of this Contract shall be governed by the laws of the People's Republic of China.
Chapter 15 Effectiveness of the Contract and Miscellaneous
15.1 Both parties shall make effort to obtain the approval from the respective authorities, if necessary, within thirty (30) days after Contract is signed by the authorized representatives of the two parties. Either Party shall notify in writing the other party of the approval date. The later date of approval shall be taken as the Date of Effectiveness of Contract.
15.2 Contract shall be valid and remain in force for_______(____) years from the Date of Effectiveness.
15.3 The outstanding credit and debt between the parties under Contract shall not be affected upon the termination or expiration of Contract.
舒服英文范文2
在电影中，演员能够穿着各种类型的衣服，就像广告牌一样，引领时装的潮流，成为观众追捧的对象，让服装能够迅速走红。现代电影逐渐细化了分类，因此需要我们对于服装也要进行系统的分类，设计出相应的电影服装，进而能够突出电影的内涵，可以说电影的发展推动了服装设计的发展。
服装作为独特的艺术种类反过来推动电影发展。电影创作中，作为表现出电影作品最基础的语言系统，能够影响着电影的发展。我们创作的电影是一门欣赏的艺术，在电影中，服装会随着人物的思想变化而塑造，服装的成功造型设计能够直接征服观众，并且这种服装视觉效果能够深入到思想深处，进而能够引发观众对于电影作品的喜爱与思考。
电影艺术与服装艺术之间的关系。可以说，电影是一种独特的文化现象，在发展的百余年中，通过自身的独特魅力与视觉技术巩固了自己的艺术形式地位，扩大了在人群中的影响，并且逐渐带动了服装艺术的发展。电影的迅猛发展能够推动服装的多元化发展，而优秀的服装设计也能够表现出电影的角色，两者是相互制约的关系。
电影中服饰语言的作用
第一，渲染出戏剧效果。德国著名电影史学家洛特•艾斯纳曾经说过，“在一部电影中，服饰永远不会是独立的艺术元素”。电影从开始发展一直到大规模传播过程中，逐渐变为一种独立的艺术，虽然与戏剧不同，但是独特的戏剧性特点依然在电影创作中占有主要的位置。在去年上映的电影《杜拉拉升职记》中，不仅是职场白领们的服装秀，电影中的服装也不仅仅是人们的装饰，而是与其他语言系统一样，能够表达出更多的信息。徐静蕾在电影创作中，刻意地去降低原作中对于职场的冲突，而着力去制作一部爱情时尚电影。在电影中，王伟的旧爱是玫瑰，而杜拉拉则是王伟的新欢，但是这三个人又在一个公司上班，因此抬头不见低头见的尴尬气氛就形成了电影的戏剧性，尤其这部电影擅长用分割屏幕的方式同时来表现出玫瑰与杜拉拉服装造型。在这样的对比之下，戏剧效果就会突出出来。对着剧情的开展，第一个场景是杜拉拉第一次来公司上班，左边的画面是杜拉拉穿着一件格子衬衫来弯腰将自己的运动鞋换成了皮鞋，而右边的画面却是玫瑰穿着精干的职业装，穿着高跟鞋大步走来。这时候，杜拉拉的职场菜鸟的形象瞬间凸显出来，与玫瑰精锐的职场精英形象形成了强烈反差，可以说有着真实与戏剧性的效果，能够引起观众们的共鸣。第二个场景是在同样的场所，有着同样的情节，不过杜拉拉将自己的平底皮鞋更换成为高跟鞋，而玫瑰神情落寞地走出来。通过这个场景的展现，表示杜拉拉已经适应了一年的职场生涯，习惯了白领的生活，并且能够融入这一阶层，也可以暗示了她的自信与对事业的更高追求。第三个场景是玫瑰对杜拉拉说公司将要解雇了王伟，让她暂时能够保密。这时候杜拉拉穿着淡黄色的斯文有余但是气场不足的花苞型连衣裙，她戴着的金色与天蓝色两种不同风格的项链显得十分多余与繁琐，但是玫瑰却穿着一条贴身的连衣裙，有着华丽与优雅的气质，让杜拉拉瞬间嫉妒起王伟前女友的身份。
第二，衬托时代背景，能够渲染整体电影的气氛。观众是通过直观的形象来观看电影的，属于视觉的艺术，而这种艺术主要是通过色彩表现出来的。而色彩是最抽象化的语言，在电影中色彩不仅能够有着独特的审美性，也有着装饰性的特点，恰当地使用色彩能够体现出电影的时代背景。而我们在电影创作中服装的主要元素由三部分组成，也就是色彩、款式、材质，而其中的色彩能够给观众带来最直接的视觉冲击。电影中的服装就像无声的语言来对观众讲述着故事的内容与画面，将电影情节的年代与背景直接地给观众展现出来。一般在电影中，不同时代的服饰都能够让演员穿着，来演绎当时的时代背景，服装能够在电影艺术中展现出一个时代的文化与生活方式，反映出电影中的时代背景。在创作的影片中，可以根据故事的发展脉络，与电影中的服装相互照应，烘托电影作品中的气氛，能够给观众带来冲击力，增强影片的感染力。
第三，塑造逼真的人物形象，烘托衬托电影演员的心理变化。在电影创作中，服装能够推动电影创作的效果。除了需要电影中演员的表演，演员只有穿上电影中的服装才能够扮演出来角色，更形象地表现出主人公的性格与形象。在电影中，服饰也是人物内心特征的反映，它是人物心理性格转化的载体，能够逼真生动地展示出主人公的情感变化与内心世界。在扮演人物过程中，能够表达出角色的性格特征与审美心理的影响。在电影中，外在的人物形象要与内在的心理与气质相符合，而电影服装能够作为独特的艺术形式，在塑造人物形象中展现主人公的内心活动。电影的服饰能够对电影人物内心世界直观阐述与形象的外化显现，成为一种独特的角色塑造载体，可以说电影服装对于人物形象塑造的功能是电影中其他道具难以比拟的。我们所谓的“衣如其人”，就是说服饰可以作为一种具象的手法，成为最直接反映穿着的人们的形象特点与性格特征，使角色的特征更加典型化与鲜明。在电影《霹雳娇娃》中，三个形象鲜明的女特工为了能够获得重要情报，一会儿化妆成为甜美可人的糖果女孩，一会儿化妆成为热辣的机车女郎，甚至还有彪悍的女强人的造型。可以说每一次的造型都能够展现出不同的特点，而这些特点都离不开服饰。在电影《秋菊打官司》中，巩俐扮演了一个农村妇女，身穿碎花棉袄与缅裆棉裤，瞬间给人展现出一个善良朴实的农村妇女形象。
第四，反映出电影角色心理。我们在塑造电影中的人物时，需要有着心理深层次的内涵表现，才能够刻画出生动的人物形象。而电影中的服饰能够成为角色的隐性特征的表现载体，生动地表达出人物的内心世界。不仅能够外在地装扮角色，也能够刻画出不同的人物特征。随着电影内容的展开，角色的外在形象也会随着心理变化而变化，并且能够为电影情节的脉络发展提供具体的条件。例如在电影《雷雨》中，不同的服饰变化，能够将女主角繁漪由一个天真烂漫的小姑娘转变为心理受到严重摧残的老妇人的心理展现出来。在她少女时代的时候，采用的是少女装扮，通过淡紫的色调展现出少女的幻想，而在进入到周家之后全身的深紫色能够表现出繁漪的孤独寂寞，旗袍的外形也用了修身的款式代表着她走向成熟后的风韵。同样地，在电影《花样年华》中，张曼玉被几十件旗袍包裹着，有着矜持而又雍容华贵的气质，每件旗袍都能够表现出女主角的不同情绪。而观众也能够被旗袍的美丽所吸引，进而为女主角的情感变化而欷歔不已，可以说整部电影中张曼玉不同的旗袍变化表现出她坎坷的心路历程。我们中国俗话说，“人靠衣装。”可以说，服装能够体现出一个人平时的品味与情绪，因此在电影中依靠变化服装能够对角色的心理转换凸显出事半功倍的效果。
第五，能够引导观众体会到电影的内涵。通过深入研究，我们可以对电影的服装有着足够的了解，服装并不只是简单地为了剧情的需要，而是能够有着当时的时代特色与风俗习惯。例如在电影《天下无贼》中，王博与王丽去布达拉宫拜佛过程中，画面中都是穿着有着浓郁藏族风情衣服的藏民与喇嘛，一下子把观众带到，可以通过直接的视觉感觉与剧中角色达到有机的统一。而这种直观的感觉，也让人们的心灵受到了洗礼。
舒服英文范文3
目的：观察术中温生理盐水冲洗腹腔对妇科腹腔镜手术病人术后康复的影响。方法：将76例妇科腹腔镜手术病人随机分为实验组和对照组各38例，实验组病人术中用恒温箱中38 ℃生理盐水冲洗，对照组病人术中按常规给予室温下保管的生理盐水冲洗。比较两组病人术中体温变化、术后排气情况、术后创口及肩部疼痛程度以及住院时间，并作统计学处理。结果 ：实验组术中体温稳定、术后排气出现早、疼痛评分低、不适主诉少，与对照组比较，差异有显著性。结论：术中温生理盐水冲洗能更有效地促进妇科腹腔镜手术病人的术后康复。
【关键词】 妇科 腹腔镜手术 腹腔冲洗 术后康复
与开腹手术比较，腹腔镜手术以其手术效果好、患者痛苦少、恢复快、微创等优点得到日益广泛的应用，并有取代开腹手术之趋势。但其手术的重大心理、生理应激、二氧化碳气腹状态下的压力影响、术后疼痛不适、术后并发症等仍然是影响病人恢复的重要原因。为了改善上述情况，从而更好的促进腹腔镜病人的术后康复，我院通过对妇科腹腔镜病人术中用室温下生理盐水和恒温箱中38 ℃生理盐水冲洗的比较研究，探讨后者的临床价值。现将结果报告如下。
1 临床资料
1.1 一般资料 自2007年3月-2008年2月间，选取本院妇科因附件巧克力囊肿、畸胎瘤行腹腔镜手术的病人76例（均系同一位医师主刀），年龄17～53岁。随机分为观察和对照组各38例，实验组术中用恒温箱中38 ℃生理盐水冲洗，对照组术中按常规给予室温下保管的生理盐水冲洗。两组病人在年龄、手术前准备、麻醉方式、手术操作方法、手术时间、术中用气量、术后处理及手术种类等方面差异均无显著性，术前肝肾功能正常，无重大心肺疾患及代谢紊乱。两组病人在腹腔镜手术结束前均行盆腔彻底冲洗，冲洗液量为1 000～4 500 mL。
1.2 方法 将手术室温度控制在24 ℃，相对湿度为40%～60%。手术采用气管插管全身麻醉，二氧化碳气腹压力设定为13 mmHg，手术为头低脚高位。实验组病人术中用恒温箱中38 ℃生理盐水冲洗，对照组病人术中按常规给予室温下保管的22～24 ℃生理盐水冲洗。
1.3 观察项目 ①术前、术毕体温比较；②术后肠蠕动恢复时间；③腹部、肩部疼痛评分（采用数字分级法NRS，将疼痛程度从轻到重分为0～10分，由病房责任护士评估）；④并发症发生情况及住院时间，并发症包括麻醉意外、电热损伤、血管损伤、脏器损伤等。
1.4 统计学处理方法 采用t检验。
2 结果
2.1 手术前后的体温变化 见表1。
2.2 术后排气时间、疼痛评分及住院时间 见表2。
2.3 并发症发生情况 仅对照组发生1例肠管损伤，经外科医师会诊后予以修补，术后延长禁食时间，恢复良好。
3 讨论
3.1 手术前后的体温变化 手术对病人是一种重大的心理、生理应激过程，心理上的恐惧和生理上的创伤直接影响病人的术后康复。围手术期常发生低体温（34 ℃
有研究表明，加强围手术期低体温护理如输注加温液体、手术台铺电热毯等，也有报告前列腺电切或膀胱肿瘤电切时加温冲洗液后冲洗膀胱，可改善病人低体温及凝血功能障碍等。而本研究中的大量温生理盐水冲洗腹腔减少了病人热量的丢失，维护了肠腔的正常体温，使病人术中生命体征稳定，术后寒战发生率降低。
3.2 排气时间、疼痛评分及住院时间比较 手术后疼痛是伤害性刺激如组织损伤及疾病本身病理改变所引起的一种机体反射性的复杂的生理反应和感知，是手术操作造成的直接组织损伤、神经损伤和继发于组织损伤后炎症反应传入的结果，造成机体各系统一系列的病理生理改变和心理、行为的变化，从而直接影响病人术后的恢复情况。腹腔镜术后疼痛的组成复杂，包括腹壁伤口痛、深部脏器痛及肩痛三种类型。而大量的温生理盐水彻底冲洗盆腔，可以清除血液、渗出物、异物、电灼后的坏死物，特别对畸胎瘤中的脂肪组织起溶解作用，利于清除，防止脂肪组织黏附于肠管上，进而减轻炎性反应，冲洗液进入体内时的温度与体温大致相等，刺激降低，使病人术后疼痛减轻。反复盆腔冲洗还可使腹腔压力忽高忽低，造成膈肌反复紧张-松弛-紧张活动，这类似于放松肌肉的活动，也可使上腹及肩部疼痛减轻[3]。而38 ℃生理盐水对肠腔体温的维护，加上炎性反应的减轻，疼痛评分的降低，有利于病人的早期活动，使术后肠麻痹发生率大大降低，从而有利于肠蠕动提早恢复。
结果发现，上述措施有效地防止了腹腔镜病人术中体温下降和热能丢失，保持术中体温恒定，使术后排气时间提早，疼痛减轻，有利于正常饮食、活动，并可早日康复出院。但对于腹腔镜下卵巢肿瘤剥出术病人，在病灶剥出后卵巢表面凝血过程中，应予以冷生理盐水冲洗以冷却卵巢表面组织，保护卵巢剩余组织的功能。
参考文献
[1] 赵书娥，尹灵朔，赵莉.围手术期低温及其护理[J].国外医学:护理学分册，1999，18(1):12-13.
舒服英文范文4
关键词： 初中英语教学 课文复述 复述方法
一、复述课文的提出及重大意义
《全日制义务教育普通高级中学英语课程标准（实验稿）》对英语课程的任务有这样一段描述：“激发和培养学生学习英语的兴趣，养成良好的学习习惯和形成有效的学习策略，发展自主学习的能力和合作精神；使学生掌握一定的英语基础知识和听、说、读、写技能，形成一定的综合语言运用能力。”在缺乏语言环境的情况下，课堂上应多开展意义和形式相联系的活动，将语言知识的传授、语言技能的训练与交际能力的培养结合起来。多年的教学实践证明，运用课文复述这一教学策略，是使学生获得语言表达能力，尤其是口头表达能力的行之有效的策略。复述课文不是简单地背诵课文内容，而是对课文内容进行归纳、概括和总结。不仅可以帮助教师评估课文教学的效果，而且可以为学生提供锻炼口语和写作能力的机会，这既有助于学生对篇章内容的理解，又有助于他们复习和巩固所学的知识，具有重大意义。
二、复述课文的几种方法及实施策略
由外研社出版的《英语》（新标准）的初中部分教材选用了多种体裁、题材和风格的英语材料，内容涉及生活中的众多领域，因此复述课文的方法也灵活多样。本文分为两类来讨论：学生自主型和教师提示型。
（一）学生自主型
在课文教学结束后，学生能在把握原文主旨的基础上发挥主观能动性，创造性地复述课文内容。这充分体现了以学生为主体的理念，学生自我设计复述的内容和方式。根据参与复述的学生人数，可分为单人式、双人式和多人式。
1.单人和双人式复述
单人式复述是指单个学生用自己的语言归纳或是总结课文的主要内容，并简略表述自己对课文的见解。多人或多人式复述则可让学生通过合作的形式复述课文。其中最常见的是对话或是采访这样的形式。在新标准教材中有多篇课文适宜采用单人复述或是双人式形式复述。
例如，新标准初中二年级上册Module8 Unit2 “The London Eye is on your right.”老师可以安排学生开展如下两种课文复述活动：
一，假设你是一位带团的导游，向你的游客们介绍今天在伦敦的行程安排及景点介绍。
二，以采访或是问询的方式向一位咨询处的负责人问路，可围绕下列问题复述课文。
（1）How can I get to the station from the National Gallery?
（2）How can I go to the Tower of London?
（3）Where is the park?
（4）I’m at the station.I want to visit the market.
2.多人式复述
在教学中比较常见的多人复述主要有表演式采访和故事接龙两种。以新标准初中二年级上册Module 12 Unit2“You mustn’t talk too loudly”为例，这篇课文有关跨文化交际知识，完全可以设计成访谈类节目，让更多的学生参与讨论。既重组了课文内容，又对文章加以浓缩和提炼，既锻炼了学生的概括能力和复述能力，又给了学生展现自我表演能力的机会。例如具体方案可以设计如下：
采访对白（4人一组，各有分工，两位主持人，两位嘉宾）
Host(主持人一)：Good afternoon，ladies and gentlemen， welcome to watch CCTV-9.These pretty and handsome people are our guests(嘉宾) who came back from England.
Host(主持人二)Today we invite them to introduce traditional life in England.First，let’s learn something about greeting，give him a warm welcome.
Guest(嘉宾一):介绍greeting方面文化
My name is?摇 ?摇?摇.Last Sunday，I returned to Dalian.I enjoyed my stay in England，however，I noticed something interesting about greeting.You can just say?摇?摇?摇?摇，but you can use?摇?摇 ?摇?摇 ?摇.
Host(主持人一)：Oh，it sounds interesting. What about food and drink custom?
Guest(嘉宾二):介绍food and drink custom方面文化
I’m?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇.I will give you some advice about food and drink custom.When you visit the England， it is important to remember the food and drink custom. You can’t?摇?摇 ?摇.You can?摇 ?摇?摇.
Host(主持人二)：Ok，we’d better remember those.Thank you for our guests and thank you for your listening.see you next week，goodbye!
对于故事的时间和逻辑顺序清楚的文章，教师可以采用故事接龙的方式让学生进行复述。例如新标准初中一年级下册Module9 Unit2 “Goldilocks rushed out of the house”一课，课文明显有表示时间顺序的first，next，then，and finally，方便学生充分发挥想象，复述课文。
（二）教师提示型
课文复述的实施过程也是教师退居后台当导演，学生站在台前唱主角的教学过程。若要学生“唱得好”，教师就必须做许多工作。教师可以采用以下几种形式给学生提供帮助和指导。
1.补充信息式
这是一种简单的复述形式。可以用于教材复述的初级阶段，帮助学生理顺课文内容，抓住文中关键部分。教师要做到将文本整体结构呈现出来，空去个别信息点，让学生补充完整。
例如，新标准初中一年级下册Module5 Unit2“London is bigger than Cambridge”可以设计成补充信息式复述练习。
My hometown and my country
Cambridge is a small city in the east of England.It has about 100，000 people.There are lots of old buildings and churches.London is the capital of the UK with 7 million people.The River Thames is 336 kilometers long.London is 2，000years old.In the north of England there are some lakes and low mountains. In the west of England，there are lots of small villages on the coast.England is a region of Britain，and Britain is an island.It’s never too hot in the summer，or very cold in the winter.
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（划线部分是需要学生补充的课文信息。）
2.问题串联式
在逻辑结构不明显的课文中，教师可以设计概括性强的问题，帮助学生复述课文。例如，新标准初中三年级上册Module5 Unit2 “There’s no shouting and no running”一课可以设计下列三个问题：
（1）In what way is the Science Museum different from other museums？
（2）Where does Tony go when he visits the Science Museum？
（3）What else is there to see in the Science Museum？
教师有时也可以根据需要设计成一个mind map。例如，新标准初中二年级下册Module4 Unit2 “If a snake bites you，take a photo.”
借助上述问题，方便学生快速理清思路，以便完成复述任务。
3.提炼脑图记忆式
传记、说明、议论等对初中学生来说较复杂且篇幅又长的文章可以借助脑图的形式帮助提示记忆。例如，新标准初中二年级上册Module 5 Unit2 “Vienna is the centre of European classical music”为例设计脑图如下：
还可以有更简单的文章结构设计，例如新标准初中三年级上册Module2 Unit2 It’s still read and loved中的简化脑图如下：
4.表格提示式
将课文内容转换成关键词提示的表格，让学生根据表格提示复述课文内容。例如，新标准初中一年级下册Module 8Unit 1 “I was born in a small village”可归纳表格如下：
复述课文的方法多种多样，例如，根据归纳好的段落大意进行复述的文章结构回顾式，根据重要词汇提示来复述的重要词汇提示式，以及关键句提示式，等等。
三、复述课文的几种方法的效果评价
我在教育教学实践中发现，提炼脑图记忆效果最好，背诵完整，所用时间短。但关键在于透彻理解课文基础形成自己的脑图。问题串联和表格提示效果相当，学生能抓住句子的主要部分，但往往遗漏描述性短语或词汇。补充信息和学生自主复述多半都是强行记忆，遗忘率比较高。
总之，课文复述是促进英语学习的有效策略，方法多种多样。教师应在教学实践中根据教材难易程度、文章的体裁题材和学生的能力选择最有效的复述方法。
参考文献：
［1］中华人民共和国教育部制订.全日制义务教育普通高级中学英语课程标准（实验稿）［M］.北京：北京师范大学出版社，2001.
舒服英文范文5
一、复习目标
1、通过复习将小数四则运算加以系统整理，加深理解小数的意义、性质，小数乘法和除法的意义，熟练地进行小数乘法和除法的笔算和简单的口算，进一步提高整数、小数四则混合运算的能力。
2、会用字母表示数，表示常见的数量关系，初步理解方程的含义，会解简易方程。
3、在掌握用算术方法解应用题的基础上，会列方程解两、三步计算的应用题，能够根据应用题的具体情况灵活地选用算术解决和方程式的解法。
4、在复习过程中，能根据解决问题的需求，收集有用的信息，进行归纳、类比与猜测、发展初步的合情推理能力。能表达解决问题的过程并尝试解释所得的结果。体验数学与日常生活密切相关，认识许多实际问题可以借助数学方法来解决，并可借助数学语言来表述和交流。
二、复习题型
（一）基础知识
1、填空。2、判断。3、选择。
（二）计算。
1、口算。2、竖式计算及验算；3、简便计算；4、小数四则混合运算；5、解简易方程；6、文字题。
（三）操作部分。
1、公顷与平方千米。2、测量的有关知识。3、实际应用。
（四）应用题
1、解题思路。2、列方程解应用题或算术方法解应用题。3、适当加深题。
三、复习策略建议
1、强化目标意识。复习时要树立目标意识，在认真学习新课程标准，钻研教材的基础上，能结合本班学生实际，在教材的知识结构和学生认知结构的结合点上下力气，花功夫。复习时既有共同基本要求，又有“一把钥匙开一把锁”的个别辅导，从而真正使所有学生通过系统的复习，使知识得到巩固，数学素质得到提高。
2、在复习计算部分时，既要重视基础知识的基本技能，又不能停留在让学生死记硬背、照搬硬套。而应该看作是训练思维，发展智能，激发兴趣，培养正确学习习惯的过程。（1）重视口算。（2）弄清算理与法则。（3）掌握运算定律与性质：复习时应引导学生进行归类，弄清使用的前提条件，同时要求学生能自觉地根据题目结构的特征进行简算。（4）在复习过程中，要注意根据新课程标准的要求把握尺度。先澄清学生对运算法则、性质、定律等基础知识方面的模糊认识，再组织练习，老师应不断了解反馈信息，及时点拨评讲。一方面使学生经常体验到成功的喜悦，激发复习计算知识的兴趣，另一方面能针对学生的缺陷帮助剖析错因，教给纠正方法，减少出现类似失误。
3、复习土地面积计算时：（1）沟通联系形成网络，应帮助学生把零散的几何知识纵横沟通起来。形成一个合理的几何系统，以便学生从整体结构来认识单个知识。（2）深化理解，提高能力，领悟数学思想，会联系生活经验对结果进行估算检验。（3）操作实践、动手操作技能是学生的薄弱环节，复习时应指导学生正确使用有关工具，掌握正确的操作方法。新晨
4、复习简易方程时：（1）用字母表示数，复习时先明确“字母”和“数”的含义。（2）解简易方程：辨析等式与方程，方程的解与解方程等有关概念，掌握四则运算之间的关系。（3）列方程解应用题：复习时，要让学生抓住特点，理清一般解题步骤注意与算术解法的区别。解题时要注意方法的灵活性。
舒服英文范文6
一、肥力不足
土壤有机质含量减少，是作物生长早衰的原因之一，影响早熟增产。地膜覆盖能使多种作物增产30~50％，是一种“护根栽培”，实际上也是一种“消耗促进栽培”，有投入才能有产出。因此，地膜覆盖要增施有机肥，秸秆还田，并要求施入迟效性肥料及磷、钾肥（做基肥一次性施入），保持肥力，提高地力，才能使地膜覆盖获得长期稳定的增产增收效果。基肥不足，有机肥减少，而且又没有强调适当深施环节，势必使土壤肥力下降，地膜覆盖的增产作用也就难以正常发挥。
二、整地粗放，底墒不足
种子发芽出土及植株根系生长需要充足的水分，如整地不细，作畦粗糙，坷垃多，毛细管作用差，土壤含水量不足，虽然地温增高，土壤疏松，但种子同样难以萌发出土，严重时会推迟出苗期或缺苗断垄。如播种前发现土壤含水量低于15％时，就要考虑灌水造墒再整地，同时切实做到耕地、作畦、覆膜及镇压等各个环节连续作业，防止散湿跑墒，以保证种子整齐萌发出土及幼苗生长。
三、铺地膜技术
无论是先铺底膜而后播种、栽苗或先播种、栽苗而后铺地膜，两种方法各有利弊。前者好处是，铺地膜5~7天，土壤温暖而湿润有利于种子萌发快出苗齐，缺点是膜面打孔穴、播种、栽苗、封窝较费工；后者好处是，便于大面积机械化作业，比较省工，不足之处是不能充分利用播种前一段铺膜时间所获得均衡的温暖湿润的土壤环境效应，同时出苗时要及时划破膜面，操作较麻烦。选用哪种铺膜方式可根据具体情况来选择。
铺地膜时，不能紧紧地贴盖于地面，否则就会失去增温、保水、保肥的作用，而且容易被大风吹起毁膜伤苗。正确的做法是，膜与畦的配比要适当。蔬菜用膜，以膜的幅宽80~90厘米紧贴在地膜畦宽60~70厘米的地表上，顺着畦边缓坡用细土压严，两端用土埋实，并于畦的长度中间隔2米处压一小土堆，防止风吹揭膜；同时要检查膜面有无漏洞，有可用细土封闭。保护地栽培条件下，可不必将膜边压土，因为无风揭膜。
四、播种与定植期选择
地膜覆盖提高地温明显，对气温影响很小，大幅度地提早播种期和定植期，会使秧苗遭受晚霜的为害。所以播种期与定植期以晚霜过后越早越好（耐寒性蔬菜除外）。改良式地膜覆盖与地膜加小拱棚覆盖栽培的，可提前至晚霜前。
五、合理调节营养生长与生殖生长
地膜覆盖后，肥足、水多、温度高，土壤中的微生物活动提前，有机质矿化过程加速，使土壤肥力水平较高，如番茄柿等多种作物发生贪青徒长，延迟果实发育及成熟期，所以，在作物发秧期要注意控水蹲苗，促根壮秧，做好生育调节。在生育中后期要加强肥水管理，以求高产。
六、防治病虫草害
由于多种原因的影响，膜下容易滋生杂草，既消耗地力，影响蔬菜生长，又容易传播病虫害。除草的主要方法有：提高铺膜质量，严密封闭栽培孔穴，以限制杂草生长；铺膜前于畦面喷洒氟乐灵等除草剂；选用适宜的除草地膜进行覆盖；用自制的铅丝钩，扒去栽培孔穴的覆土，通过孔穴伸入草位，把杂草拖出孔穴，然后重新用土覆盖孔穴。地膜覆盖改变了田间生态环境，加快了蔬菜作物整个生育进程，病虫害的消长规律也相应发生了变化。有些病虫害受到抑制，而有些则提早发生和蔓延，所以要做好准备及时进行防治。