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海瑞传范文1
署基本字义1、办公的地方:公~。
2、布置;安排:部~。
3、签名;题字:签~。
4、暂时:~理。
署在文言文中的含义①<动>布置;安排。
《汉书·高帝纪》:“部署诸将。”
②<名>官署;衙门。
《篇海类篇》:署,官舍曰署。
《陈情表》:“且臣少事伪朝,历职郎署。”
③<动>或暂任、试任某一官职。
《三国志·诸葛亮传》:“以亮为军师将军,署左将军府事。”
《明史·海瑞传》:署南平教谕。
范晔《后汉书·范雎传》:太守宗资先闻其名,请署功曹,委任政事。
④<动>签名;题字。
海瑞传范文2
关于送的反义词
原词:送(注释:送sòng把东西从甲地运到乙地:送信。送审。输送。护送。呈送。赠给:送礼。赠送。)
反义词:收(注释:收shōu接到,接受:收发。收信。收支。收讫。收益。藏或放置妥当:这是重要东西,)
夺(注释:夺(奪)duó抢,强取:抢夺。掠夺。巧取豪夺。强(qi僴g)词夺理。争先取到:夺)
接(注释:接jiē连成一体:接合。接骨。接壤。衔接。继续,连续:接力。接替。接班。接二连)
详细解释:
送
sòng
【动】
(会意。小篆字形)
同本义〖accompanybridetobridegroom'sfamilyonweddingday〗
送,遣也。——《说文》。
送迎无礼。——《荀子·富国》。注:“致女也。”
又如:送嫁(送亲);送娘(方言。送新娘子);送房(结婚之夕,亲友陪送新郎入洞房);送亲(娘家人送出嫁的姑娘上轿或送新娘到男家)
送行;送别〖seesb.offwishsb.bonvoyage〗
寒雨连江夜入吴,平明送客楚山孤。——唐·王昌龄《芙蓉楼送辛渐》
太子及宾客知其事者,皆白衣冠以送之。——《战国策·燕策》
又如:送车(到车站送行;又指送行的车);送迎钱(迎送官员的开销);送任(送亲属去当人质);送迎(送往迎来);送路(送行;饯别);送故迎新(送旧官,迎新官;送旧岁,迎新年)
将东西运去或传交〖deliver;carry〗。又录毕,走送之,不敢稍逾约。——明·宋濂《送东阳马生序》
赵王乃斋戒五日,使臣奉璧,拜送书于庭。——《史记·廉颇蔺相如列传》
干戈日滋,行者赍,居者送,中外骚扰相奉。——《汉书·食货志》
如:送茶(送礼);送还(送给);送款(表示诚心诚意的投降);送风(传递消息,通风报信);送盏(递送酒器以劝饮);送语(传话);送意(传送情意);送怀(传达思想感情)
遣送〖sendback;repatriate〗
愬以槛车送元济诣京师。——《资治通鉴·唐纪》
又如:送遣(遣送,送归);送转(方言。送归,送还);送传(押送递解);送官(送交官府)
送葬;送丧〖takepartinafuneralprocession;attendafuneral〗
丧出江上,白衣冠送者夹岸,酹而器者百里不绝。——《明史·海瑞传》
又如:送老(安葬老人或长辈);送横(为横死者送丧);送哭(哀哭而送葬)
馈赠〖giveasapresent〗
今吾且死,而侯生曾无一言半辞送我,我曾有所失哉。——《史记·魏公子列传》
海瑞传范文3
历山村我每年都要去两次,每次不下一个月,有的村一唱就是两个月。去年我在慈溪从8月开唱到大年廿七才收场,我今年的唱书预约已经排到了10月份,但预约电话还在打个不停。干我们这一行第一要紧的是守信用,谱好了的曲、说好了的事要规规矩矩去做。
听过我老宋唱书的都说越听越有味道,虽然在书场配乐的只有一把盲人拉的四弦胡,道具只有几把扇子,可我往台前一站,只要静木轻轻一拍,台下就立时鸦雀无声。
享受的是“明星”待遇
干我这一行最苦的是乍到一个新的村访时,因为当地人还没听过唱书,不知好赖,猛一看一个半老头加一个拉胡琴的瞎子,这能有啥看头?有时没人给搭台子,我只好往屋檐下面一站就唱开了。不过往往是胡琴一响,开口一唱,就不怕没人来,而且一两天苦下来,人就会越来越多,不少村都能来三五百人,多时院子里挤不下了,这时就有人提议搭台子让我唱书。如果老百姓主动帮你搭台子,就说明你在这村扎稳了,你下次再唱就不会让你站在屋檐底下日晒雨淋地受那份罪,他们会连住处都帮你安顿好,而且会有许多戏迷拉你去吃饭,他们开着奔驰、桑塔纳来接你,哈哈,先苦后甜哩!
我唱书一般在晚上,人多的时候台下黑压压的一片,有人放着《还珠格格》不看也要来听我宋百岳唱书。我在庵东唱了10天后又到胜山村唱,中间离了七八公里路,有不少人还偏偏追到胜山村来听呢,咱享受的可是“明星”待遇。
前几天我在胜山东村唱到清官海瑞就要被杀头时卖了个关子,打算第二天夜里再接着唱。却不料当夜就有十几个戏迷找到我的住处来替海瑞说情。嗨!我单凭一张嘴,哪会说杀就杀,说不杀就不杀呢?那些戏迷那可真叫痴,质问我:“海瑞为皇帝做过多少事、为国家立过多少功,这样的清官为什么要杀他?!”他们宁肯每人掏几十元钱,也让我在唱书中别把海瑞杀了。后来我说到海瑞真的被杀时,听者唱者都泪湿衣衫!……
人说我是个活的“音匣子”
我只读过两年半书,12岁开始就跟着父亲学“走书”。我的父亲宋月明是原上虞虞广绍剧团的一名小生演员,他不但戏唱得好,吹拉弹唱全都不在话下。在父亲的口传下,什么四平调、四季调、马灯调、五令调、杨青调等九调二十三腔我都学会了。
父亲去世后,他教给我的几出戏远不够我在宁绍平原上闯荡,因为已经听过我唱书的老观众我不能让他重复听老戏,所以有时我只得革新剧目。宁波走书三分说七分唱,花样很多,要表演得活灵活现不容易,我为了学新戏,我还到宁波市小百花艺术团的老师那里去讨教。
想想我刚跟父亲登台时,唱了两个村,肚子里的“存货”就见底了,现在我千般角色一人当,一口气能唱二十几出戏,可以连续4个月不重样,每出戏我都唱得滚瓜烂熟,所以别人说我像个活的“音匣子”
一打开就不会停下来。
过去的老先生传下来的东西不能简单复制,于是我就给它来个“活学活用”。这些年经我改编成唱词的就有《玉连环》《绿龙袍》《狄青五虎将》《金龙鞭》《杨家将全传》《绿牡丹》等十几部古书,不过我文化不高,书买回来好多字不认识,只得向字典求救。
我还经常创作一些配合形势的唱词,穿插一些自编的小曲调来宣传计划生育,宣传义务当兵,有时候我下乡走书,听说有的家庭因赌博夫妻之间闹不和,我就到人家家中唱劝人戒赌的段子,好多本来喜欢打麻将赌钱的人,后来都离开麻将桌,成了我的忠实戏迷。
宁波走书快断香火了
我小时候家里穷,6个孩子中我是老大,到29岁了还娶不到妻。我的妻子和面积108平方米的两层楼房都是我唱书唱来的。我挣的虽说是辛苦钱,但一年到头走村串巷,日子又自由又快活。我靠祖宗传下来的艺术赚饭吃,把肚子里古老的曲调传出去,这是一举两得的事情,但如今这年头偏偏没人愿意干了。
我们低塘街道汤家闸村解放前是有名的戏曲村,家家户户都是以唱戏为生,光表演宁波走书的就有63个艺人,过去剧团找好苗子都到我们村里挑,绍兴剧团几个打鼓板拉琴的都是我们村里出去的,许多古老的曲调都是我们村里的老艺人传下来的。可惜现在留下来的艺人老的老、死的死,后代中又无人继承走书,3000多人口的汤家闸村,如今走书的只有我一个人了。
过去我们村里的人空闲时大家伙儿围在一起,你吹唢呐,他拉胡琴,你方唱罢我登台,有唱莲花落的,有唱余姚滩簧的,有唱越剧的,有唱凤阳花鼓的,还有唱京剧和黄梅戏的,往一块儿一凑就是热热闹闹的一台戏。现在没人唱了,想听戏还要请外面的剧团来唱。唉,戏曲村说起来难为情呵!就说我的儿子吧,他当了几年兵,退伍后搞起了模具制作,根本无心学我这一行,等孙子长大怕是来不及了,父传的走书看来要在我手里断香火,我已经是村里最后一个吃这碗饭的人了!现在我真的很想收个徒弟,只要能把这香火传下去,哪怕包吃包住免费教我也乐意,唉,学点祖宗留下来的“土货”有什么不好?再说宁波走书也很有市场,不但乡下的农民爱听,连城里的居民要求我去演唱的也越来越多。宁波走书应该流传下去,老祖宗的东西我们后人怎么好随便丢掉呢?
(本文图片由余姚日报、鄞州文化馆分别供稿)
相关链接:
宁波走书,又名莲花文书,同(治)光(绪)年间由上虞流传至余姚农村,是一种很受群众欢迎的地方曲艺。其表演形式大致可分为三个发展阶段:先是一人自拉自唱的“坐唱”;后有简单的伴奏,演员坐在桌后唱、表演,乐队坐在桌旁,因动作幅度较小,称为“里走书”;再后,演员与乐队相对各坐一旁,演员在台上有较大空间可作表演圈,称为“外走书”由于莲花文书从坐唱发展到站起来表演,分口饰角色,这样演员在台上动作的幅度比较大了,“宁波走书”之名也由此而来。建国后,宁波走书进行了多次改革和创新,在表演方面已发展到男女双档,伴奏的力量也加强了。近期,由于种种原因,和许多地方曲艺一样,宁波走书日渐衰微。
The Last Village Minstrel
Related by Song Baiyue, Written by Padiguli
Editor’s Note: Traveling storytelling has been an age-old art in rural Ningbo. Song Baiyue is the last minstrel from the village of Tangjiazha (The Tang Family’s Watergate) with a population of over 3,000. The village had 63 traveling storytellers in its prime time. Here the last village minstrel tells his story.
I am gravely concerned about myself these days. In the first month of this year I performed 20 consecutive days in the Village of Lishan. Then I traveled to Dong Village and spent five days there telling a story. The next village on my tour was Shaoxiang where I was to perform for 20 days. But the people in Dong Village forced me to stay and asked me to extend the 5-day show to 20 days. I am worried that the people in Shaoxiang will be displeased by my delay.
I visit the village of Lishan twice a year. Each performance there lasts at least a month. In some villages, I sing for two months. Last year, I started in August in Cixi and the last show ended two nights before the eve of the Spring Festival. This year I am already booked to October and phone calls keep coming in for more shows. The first principle in my business is to keep my word. My fans say that my art is becoming better. I have only one blind-man play a four-string Huqin as accompaniment and I use only a few fans as prop, but the audience become silent the moment I bang the silence wood on the table.
The hardest thing for a storyteller on the road is his first visit to a village, for no one there knows anything about the storytelling art. A man who is on the far side of his middle age and an accompanist who is blind do not inspire interest at all. So in such a case, I just start a show under the eave of a house. Once they hear the Huqin and my singing, they come to watch and listen. Usually, after one night or two, a big crowd gathers. In some villages, we can draw a crowd of 500 people. As soon as a courtyard can no longer contain a crowd, someone will suggest setting up a stage and booking me for telling a long story. If they offer to set up a stage for us in the first few days, we will not start our show under an eave next time. They will arrange everything for us in advance. They even drive a Benz and come all the way to take us to the village.
In a show just a few days ago, I stopped my storytelling deliberately at a crucial moment when Hai Rui, an honest official of the Ming Dynasty, was about to be executed. I planned to resume the story the next evening. After the show that night, more than 10 fans crowded into my room and begged me not to let Hai Rui die. How could a person like me have the final say in anyone’s death or life? They cornered me with their angry protests: “He did so many things for the emperor and he made so many contributions to the state. How can you kill such an honest official??They even offered to chip in and pay me a small fortune to change the script and let the character live. When Hai Rui died in the following evening, the audience cried and I cried.
All my school education added up to only two and half years. I started learning the storytelling art from my father at 12. My father was an actor with a rural troupe. He was a good singer and good at playing all kinds of instruments. I learned all the nine tunes and twenty-three melodies from him. After he passed away, the repertoire I got from him was not good enough for me to stage shows in villages across rural Ningbo and Shaoxing. The audiences who heard my stories want new stories. So I have added new ones to my repertoire. My performance consists of 30% talking and 70% singing. There are many tricks to make a show good. In order to make good shows, I have learned new skills from masters with the Ningbo 100 Little Flowers Yuejue Opera Troupe.
When I first followed my father on a tour, I ran out of my stories after performances in two villages. Now, I act all the characters in my stories and I can tell stories for four months without any repetition. They say I am a walking radio and once I am turned on I will never stop.
It is not good enough to sing songs made by old artists. Over the past few years, I have adapted more than 10 classic stories and added them to my repertoire. With my poor school education, I had difficulty reading these stories, but I checked new words out in a dictionary.
I now and then create some short songs to make people aware of current affairs. I encourage people to take part in family planning programs or sign up to join the army. Sometimes I urge villagers to stay away from gambling. Many of my fans used to be mahjong addicts.
Our family was poor when I was a kid. I was the first of 6 children. I was not able to marry when I was 29. But I made enough money to marry and build a two-story house of 108 square meters. Though tours are hard and money comes by through sweat, I am happy and free. I learned the art of our fathers and I entertain people with the art. But the days of the art seem numbered.
My home village was full of actors and musicians before 1949. For a while, there were 63 fellow villagers making a living by traveling and telling stories, let alone the villagers engaged in other kinds of shows. Troupes came to our village to recruit. Some troupes in Shaoxing had accompanists and percussionists from our villages. Some ancient tunes were passed down to us from our ancestors in the village. But some of these artists have died and some are too old to travel and stage a show. No one in the younger generation is willing to carry on the art. The village has more than 3,000 residents and I am the only storyteller now. In the past, the village did not need to invite troupes from outside. We could stage a performance easily. Now we feel shamed when we invite a troupe from outside to entertain us.
My son was in the army for a few years and now he is in a mold-making business. He has no wish to learn the art from me. When my grandson is old enough to learn, I am afraid I will be too old to teach. I am willing to pay for boarding and meals to teach a disciple. I feel bad that the good things I got from my father will be lost.
海瑞传范文4
1752年,卢梭写了一部歌剧《乡村卜师》,该剧在王宫中上演后。大获成功。国王为之感动,遂决定赐给卢梭一份年金。这对于当时居无定所、靠抄乐谱为生的卢梭来说,可谓求之不得的好事。但是卢梭拒绝了,因为接受了年金,就意味着戴上了枷锁。“有了年金,真理完蛋了,自由也完蛋了,勇气也完蛋了。从此以后怎么还能谈独立和淡泊呢?一接受这笔年金,我就只得阿谀奉承,或者噤若寒蝉了。”――(《忏悔录》)卢梭视人格的独立为生命,因此,他宁肯过穷日子,也决不被权贵招安。
一个人有才并不难,有“气”则不易。“气”这个东西说起来很抽象,是一种精神层面的内容,用古人的标准衡量,大约就是孟子笔下的“浩然正气”。但什么是“浩然正气”?孟夫子也只可意会难以言传:“难言也。其为气也,至大至刚,以直养而无害,则塞于天地之间;其为气也,配义与道,无是,馁也。”这东西好像很难捉摸,但你又觉得离你很近,比如文天祥、史可法,比如闻一多、朱自清,比如任长霞、丛飞。真的,有了这些人历史就显得很厚重,民族精魂就在跌跌撞撞中得到了延长;少了这样一些人,历史就似乎显得很苍白,显得很虚无。
人之一生,至关重要的是,品行操守要有正气,立身处世要重和气,成就事业要挥洒锐气。正气是一种刚正不阿、大义凛然,体现了我们民族对雄健刚劲的人格精神的崇尚。我们的民族和人民就是凭着这股正气跨越无数艰辛才走到辉煌的今天,并为后来者提供了至可珍贵的启迪与昭示;锐气是一个人的卓越学识、内涵教养的自然流露。著名画家刘海粟认为,有了锐气,力文、为书、为画、为一切事业,就有了动力。锐气,使人勇于进取,勇于开拓,善于创造;和气,存在于万物变化之中,和则兴,不合则衰。《汉书・刘向传》中有云:“和气致祥,乖气致异。祥多者其国安,乖众者其国危。”
用当下的标准来衡量。“气”的内涵要丰富得多了,它是一种精神,一种情操,一种价值观念,一种文化人格。它还是一种独立思考的品质,一种不为世俗左右的风范,一种悲天悯人的情怀,一种直面批判现实的立场,甚至是一种超越现实的信念。
海瑞传范文5
小人之才,往往以一己之私或一己野心为轴心,使出浑身解数,上下翻腾,可以黑白颠倒,指鹿为马。这样的“才”,常有“创意”在其间。具有这样“才”的人,史上即便没有“传记”,也会有“兼记”。赵高,就是这样一个小人。
赵高,司马迁的《史记》中并未有专篇记载,但在《李斯列传》和《秦始皇本纪》中,仍可清晰地看到他的所作所为。可以说,秦二世胡亥命运的浮沉,是浮也赵高、沉也赵高。
本来,秦始皇死后是把皇位传给其长子扶苏的。但赵高发动沙丘,与丞相李斯合谋伪造诏书,逼皇长子扶苏自杀,另立皇幼子胡亥为帝。于是,胡亥从众兄弟中“浮”起来了,被称为秦二世。
按照秦始皇的如意算盘和说法:“朕为始皇帝。后世以计数,二世三世至于万世,传之无穷。”对此,赵高并不以为然。他有自己“欲为乱”的“大志”,也想登上权力的顶峰。为此,他将自己的“才”发挥到极致,并不断有所“突破”。
譬如,对“朕”这个词,大家共认的,朕即“我”意。正如《尔雅・释诂》所讲:“朕,身也。”即便嬴政成为始皇后,自称“朕”,也只是皇帝的一个专用词。可赵高为架空二世,掌握实权,就在“朕”字上大做文章。他对二世说:“天子所以贵者,但以闻声,群臣莫得见其面。故号曰‘朕’。”(《史记・李斯列传》)意思是说,朕当如“神”,只能让人闻其声,不能让人见其容。这就隔绝了秦二世与群臣的联系,他自己便可以任意胡为了。
再如,为使自己对人的“欲加罪”变为“自认罪”,他在以卑鄙手段,诬丞相李斯与其子有“谋反罪”并将其下狱后,先是靠自己的“才”,创出“囚安得上书”的理论,不准看守官员将李斯上奏给皇帝的申诉上报;继之又动用自己的“才”,让自己的亲信去冒充“御史”、“谒者”、“侍中”,即监察人员、皇帝的近侍、皇帝左右的亲信去提审李斯,只要李斯如实申诉,就变本加厉地折磨他。所以,当秦二世真派人复验时,此时的李斯已被整得服服帖帖了,只有“自认罪”的份了。
还如,自己欲为乱,又怕群臣不听,就放胆用自己的“才”,设圈验意:大庭广众之下,持鹿献于二世,声称:“马也。”二世不信:明明是鹿,怎么称马?“丞相误邪?谓鹿为马。”问之左右,各有所说。结果,实言以鹿者,被赵高治罪;阿言以马者,被赵高视为“知己”加以重用。自此,赵高的“才”让满朝大臣都看到了其中的“厉害”:顺之,则昌;逆之,则亡。
海瑞在《乞治党邪言官疏》中曾言:“小人非才不能动人,小人非才不能乱国。”斯言诚哉!至少,这个说法在赵高身上体现得淋漓尽致。由此,更使人明白,看人,不能只重其“才”,不问其“德”。只重“才”者,不仅会被此“才”所误,还会被此“才”所杀。
还要看到,小人的“动人”之才,打动的常常是虚荣的心。倘若胡亥掌权之后,虽“未必尽通诸事”,却不耻下问,虚心求教;虽“遣举有不当者”,却不怕“见短于大臣”,也不致被打动到“居禁中”,让人不熟悉、不了解、不知情,却让人崇拜之、神化之、“称圣主”。
小人的“动人”之才虽无甚新意,却有一定市场,其原因,就在于“小人诈而巧,似是而非,故人悦之者众”(林逋:《省心录》)。这种“诈而巧”,犹如赵高对“朕”的“创新”之解,颇能迷住人之眼,糊住人之心,以至使人信之、往之;听之、从之。
海瑞传范文6
科举既然关系到个人一生的前途命运,为中第而无所不用其极也就不难理解了。寒窗苦读之外,送礼请托、雇佣、贿赂考官、泄露试题、夹带小抄等五花八门的手段也就跟着出来了。唐代大诗人宋之问就曾在主持考试时大受贿赂;《旧唐书·文苑传》记载,董思因泄露试题被发配岭南而死。唐玄宗时,宰相杨国忠的儿子参加明经考试,成绩不佳,杨国忠却买通主考官将其取在高等。考中者固然欢喜,不中者则垂头丧气。若再有不公,则极易激愤闹事。宋代有个叫张元的考生,屡次殿试不第,一怒之下投奔西夏。宋仁宗嘉祐二年(1057),欧阳修主持省试,为提倡淳朴文风,当时社会上推崇的“文章之士”一个也没有录取,引起考生骚乱。
科举成了读书的目的、教育的目的,成了读书人谋生的手段。然而,千军万马挤独木桥,落第者大大多于中第者,许多人衣食无着,穷困潦倒。1300年的科举,演出了多少人间悲喜剧!得水蛟龙失水鱼,其命运及感受之差别天壤殊异:“鸿鹄振羽翮,翻飞入帝乡”是举子们辞母别妻前去应考,心中充满出人头地的期盼;“春风得意马蹄疾,一日看尽长安花”是成功者的扬眉吐气;“一日从此始,相望青云端”是及第通显者的雄心和抱负。而“知有杏园无路入,马前惆怅满枝红”却是落第者的失意与无奈。高尚其事、以道自尊是失意士人的自我安尉。中国人的性格,是得意时崇儒家,失意时尊道家。而得意与失意,就在科举之间。
读书人或现代所称知识分子,是中国科举社会造就的一个特殊群体,通过考试来求显名、求发达、求富贵,也是中国的一个特殊现象,成为中国社会最牵动人心的一件大事。清人王士禛的笔记《池北偶谈》中,记载了许多科举状元、解元、探花的姓名,凡同乡无不津津乐道。中国儿童从小就听说那些借月光或萤火虫而刻苦读书的榜样。科举发展到后来,已在世上形成对读书求学的一种病态畸形的热爱,祖孙三代同入考场的甚至被传为佳话。