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赠刘景文范文1
留学生经济学论文：经济增长效应 The Effect Of Economic Growth 简单的经济学解释说，有一定的宏观经济目标，每一个经济体都应该寻求实现。这些措施包括充分就业、价格稳定、收支平衡和经济增长。然而，世界经济的排名这些目标之前，自己，这取决于这种经济发展水平。 例如，显而易见的是，尼日利亚中央银行在过去的时间内投资的稳定价格水平的政策措施。这在很大程度上是有一个增长可以增加和减少失业的手段之一。换句话说，对就业水平等宏观经济目标之间的增加是一个重要的目标在许多发展中国家，失业和未充分利用的资源导致了贫困率上升。 Nigeria is an economy characterized by several policies which are aimed at correcting adverse conditions limiting its growth and possibly its survival as a nation. Some of these policies however lack good formation, implementation and monitoring. This is evident even in current policies of power transformation, foreign direct investment encouragement and other past plans and programmes of the government. Simple economics explains that there are certain macroeconomic objectives that every economy should seek to achieve. These include full employment, price stability, balance of payment equilibrium and economic growth. Economies of the world however rank these objectives prior to themselves, depending on the level of development of such economy. For example, it is evident that the Central Bank of Nigeria had in time past invested its policy measures on stabilizing the price level. This to a large extent is described has one of the means by which growth can be increased and unemployment reduced. In other words, the goal of increasing the level of employment among other macroeconomic objectives is an important one in many developing nations where unemployment and underutilization of resources has led to rising rate of poverty. Given that there are several visions and continuous establishment of agencies and parastatals within the Nigerian economy more than other nations of the world, the achievement of impressive growth and acceptable employment level remains in prospect. High rate of unemployment, unimpressive growth rates and poverty among other miseries of the populace, are the order of the day. Facts gotten from publications for the Nigerian economy as analyzed by Adebayo and Ogunrinola, 2006 and the National Bureau of Statistics 2010(NBS), shows a high rate of unemployment and underemployment, for instance, the rate of unemployment was 12% in March 2005; it rose to 19.7% in March 2009 while the rate of underemployment was around 19% in 1998. This rate of unemployment can be considered high based on the overall performance of the Nigerian economy as at that time. As a matter of emphasis, among the youths in the 15-24 age brackets, the rate of unemployment was observed to be over 40% according to the 2010 edition of the Labour Force Sample Survey of the National Bureau of Statistics.
It is important to note that the study of employment and economic growth cannot be separated from their respective determinants. As explained in 2001 by Fofana N. F. in his work, "Employment and Economic Growth in the Cote d'Ivoire: An Analysis of Structural Determinants", the issue of real output and employment growth in developing nations is a requirement for poverty reduction and a more equitable income distribution. This means that other economic indices are tied to the basics of employment and factors affecting it. In the light of the above therefore, Adebayo and Ogunrinola, 2006; Oladeji, 1994; Omotor and Gbosi 2006 explained that many studies on Nigeria's employment situation have been devoted to unemployment and its determinants and/or its impacts on economic growth. These studies mostly conclude on the nature of employment and may also suggest reasons and solutions to the curse of unemployment. Oni, 2006; Patterson et al 2006 also opined that "Though from a quick look at the Nigerian data on employment level and real GDP, it appears that the recent economic growth trends and patterns have been insufficient to make any appreciable impact on employment generation and poverty reduction, but this has not been sufficiently investigated empirically in the literature". It is thus needful to find out categorically the causal effect between employment and economic growth based on available data collected by various data gathering establishments. STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM 研究问题陈述 The major problem identified in the Nigerian context is that of these increases in these economic growth indicators, unemployment has really been a major cause for concern. Policies and policy target to curb unemployment have really not been working and various labor market laws and policy have not really worked. In macroeconomics analysis growth has been described to have positive relationship with the level of employment. According to various economic principles this has been proven. Of such principle is the okun's law which states that has the economy grows by say 3%, the rate of unemployment is to reduce by 1% and vice versa. But the reverse has been the case in the Nigerian context. The economy in recent times has been experiencing growth but the level of unemployment has been increasing both among the youth and among working class adults. The various theoretical literatures read shows that the nexus between the employment rate and the level of growth as stated in the paragraph above is a positive one, contradicting the Okun's law. This stated fact is shown by the recent figures on both employment and economic growth. The rates of economic growth for 2010 to December, 2012 are as follows: 7.76% to 6.99% respectively and those of unemployment from 2010 to 2012 are as follows: 19.7% to 23.9% respectively (Source: tradingeconomics.com/ Nigeria Bureau of Statistics).
These growth figures shown above tell us about the break from the norm that the Nigerian economy is passing through. But in a normal economy the increased level of growth is supposed to boost the level of income, level of investment, level of consumption and savings and eventually the level of employment. But the reverse has been the case in the Nigerian context: the employment generation rate keeps falling, the unemployment rate keeps rising and the growth rate has to some extent increased consistently with minimal fluctuations. The problem that this research wishes to deal with has to do in details with the nature and dynamics of this growth; what has influenced it overtime? Why has it that this increased growth has had no significant effect on the rate of employment generation? And finally how these increases in growth can be exploited to get maximum growth in employment generation rate. RESEARCH QUESTION 研究问题 Thus, given the above problems, the research questions are; What are the major relationships between employment generation and economic growth? What are the effects of economic growth rates on employment generation and how wide is the gap between the two economic objectives? How is this gap going to be reduced? Which is the best macroeconomic model and strategy to adopt to curb unemployment Nigeria? RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 研究目标 The major objective of the study is to empirically investigate whether employment increases or unemployment decreases with increasing economic growth rate. The specific objectives of the study are: To model the rate of economic growth in Nigeria with respect to its effect on employment rates and policy. To examine the role of various policy regimes in busting the economic growth and also policies to increase the rate employment in the economy. To review the various types of employment and the employment strategies with respect to various job types and how it has affected growth. To show various trends in the data of both economic growth and unemployment, look at the various gap analysis and then model ways of reducing the gaps identified between economic growth and employment. To provide policy recommendation(s) RESEARCH HYPOTHESES 研究假设 The research aims at testing the following hypotheses: Hypothesis 1 Ho: αi=0 There is no relationship between economic growth and employment rates.
Ha: αi‰ 0 There is a relationship between economic growth and employment rates. Hypothesis 2 Ho : αi=0 There is no significant effect of economic growth on employment. Ha : αi‰ 0 There is significant effect of economic growth on employment. JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY 研究的正当性 Many occurrences about the fluctuations between the economic growth rate and the increasing level of unemployment as influenced researchers in recent times to study the great influence of the growth rate on the level of employment in the Nigeria economy. Due to the fact that the Nigerian economy is becoming increasingly sophisticated hence the need to study the relationships between this two concepts since it has been stated in various literature that both economic indicator has very high influence on other economic variables like the exchange rates stability, price stability etc. Various studies from the review of theoretical literature, has shown that the rate of unemployment is growing likewise the rate of growth in the economy. This prompted the study to further advance the study on the impact of the latter on the former and also to know more about the impending issues which have also been mentioned in other literatures. ORGANIZATION OF THE CHAPTERS 各章组织 This project is divided into five chapters. The first chapter gives a general introduction of the study, the statement of the research problem, objective(s) of the study, research hypothesis, and the justification of the study. Chapter two is the review of related concepts; theoretical and empirical literature, while chapter three presents the research methodology. Chapter four ispresentation of data, interpretation and analysis of result. Finally, chapter five presents the summary, conclusion and recommendation. Other miscellaneous details are presented in the appendix. SCOPE OF THE STUDY 研究范围 This research work describes why, how and if there is a major impact of economic growth on the rate of unemployment in the Nigerian economy. This also will examine the role of government in curbing unemployment through various policies from 1990 till date. SECTION 2 CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE 文献概念 ECONOMIC GROWTH 经济增长 Economic growth is measured in terms of growth in real GDP. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is measured in terms of the amount of final goods and services produced in a particular country in an accounting period excluding income from abroad. This growth rate is always measured in real terms which are described as inflation adjusted terms.
赠刘景文范文2
【关键词】 空中管制风险预警 交通流量增长环境 安全性
在空中管制风险预警研究中，必须要对飞行安全风险进行全面的监管，并要在事故预防前的管理环节上，将安全风险管理放在管理环节的重点部位，以此将发生风险事件的次数进行有效的计算，同时将飞机设备出现故障进行有效的分布，这样很容易形成管制风险预警。因此，在本文中，可以在交通流量快速增长的情况下，对空中管制风险预警进行全面的分析，以此保证空中交通运行的安全性。
1 空中管制风险预警在交通流量快速增长环境中问题的研究方法
（1）利用系统动力学对提高空中管制风险预警水平有着积极的促进作用。在利用系统动力学时，能够及时科学的分析和研究所反馈的信息。在遇到一些具备着分线性、高阶性和时变性等特点的问题时，可以利用系统动力学进行有效的解决。在运用系统动力学时，可以进行一些仿真实验。在进行实验时，要在一定程度上对系统动力学各个变量之间所具备的变化规律进行有效的定量研究，同时要有效的利用系统动力所具备的优点，在实验研究中进行合理的运用。采用系统动力学在构建空中管制风险预警时，不需要利用一些相关的历史数据，并且系统动力学之间的函数有着一定的灵活性，在对一些数据进行拟合、统计和综合评价时，能够进行较为灵活和有效的使用。在运用系统动力学时，可以有效的建立空中管制风险预警系统的流图，能够较为准确和全面的描述安全风险因素的规律和变化趋势。
（2）基于系统动力学，构建有效的安全风险预警模型。首先要对交通流量增长情况进行全面的调查，同时要参考和研究与交通流量相关的资料和数据，同时要根据交通管理流量增长的具体情况，进行合理的研究。其次在提出相应的实验方案后，要进行准确合理的筛选，将影响最大的风险对象选出来，并确定安全风险预警模型边界。再次要进一步分析风险，以此设计出科学的系统流图。在构建系统流图时，以此建立有效的管制安全风险预警模型。最后要有效的利用相关的数据和资料，同时也可以进行相应的仿真调试实验，并有效的分析和研究仿真实验后的结果，以此进行科学合理的安全风险预警模型。
2 基于交通流量快速增长现象，构建空中管制风险预警模型
2.1 准确科学的确定空中管制风险预警模型的边界
为了能够简化构建空中管制风险预警模型的工作流程，必须要将系统内部的变量进行有效的确定，同时也可以在建立空中管制预警模型时，制定一些可行方案，以此保证空中管制应模型的科学性和合理性。首先当空中交通流量呈现着逐年上升的趋势时，在空中管制风险预警模型中主要是对空中飞行器流量进行有效的管制，并要全面的考虑风险管制能力。其次在管制风险预警模型中要以非量刚性变量为主要内容，要将风险流对系统产生的影响变化进行综合考虑。再次要计量空中交通环境和管理的子系统。最后就要实现模型管制行为，面对着交通流量的增长情况，都会有一定的延迟现象。
在对这四种模型方案进行分析时，要将各个系统的风险进行全面的考虑，主要包括：人员、机械、环境和管理这四个方面。在对系统的运动规律进行演化和分析时，要严格按照风险流程，并在一定程度上确定系统模型的边界。在有效的确定模型边界时，要合理的确定相关状态变量，要科学的归类和排定之后的状态载体。另外，要有效的确定所有相关变量，要将所控制的状态变量因素进行准确的了解，因此较为科学准确的确定控制管制风险预警模型的边界。
2.2 有效的构建空中管制风险预警流图
在建立空中管制风险预警模型时，要有效的绘制系统力学模型。在绘制系统力学模型时，要将空中交通流量进行全面的分析，要准确和全面的描述系统运行的情况，这样可以较为有效的准确的将系统中各个风险要素的逻辑关系进行准确的描述。同时要将各个相关之间的变量关系进行准确的确定。在对反应系统的行为进行有效的控制时，要合理的利用各个变量之间所反馈出来的信息，进行有效的反馈和控制。当系统行为受到影响时，要将影响风险变量进行全面有效的预警和控制，以此提高风险预警模型的准确性和科学性。最后在构建空中管制风险预警流图时，要将空中管制风险的类型进行全面的分析，设置准确的模型边界点，并与相关风险特征的相关因素进行全面的分析。同时要按照风险人员的实际情况，要严格按照空中管制风险预警模型中的机械设备、环境和管理之间的作用进行全面的分析，以此有效的构建空中管制风险预警模型。在构建空中管制风险预警模型流图时，要将流位变量、流速变量和辅助变量进行全面的分析，以此将空中管制风险预警模型流图进行有效的建立。
3 结语
在交通流量快速增长环境中，构建空中管制风险预警时，可以有效的利用系统动力学，以此积极的促进空中管制风险预警水平。同时要基于系统动力学，构建有效的安全风险预警模型。在构建空中管制风险预警模型时，要准确科学的确定空中管制风险预警模型的边界，有效的构建空中管制风险预警流图，以此保证空中管制风险预警模型的有效性和科学性，提高空中管制风险预警水平。
参考文献：
[1]郭育森.基于交通流量增长的空中管制风险预警问题研究[J].应用方法论，2012，38（09）：156-158.
赠刘景文范文3
1、菊残犹有傲霜枝的犹意思是：还，仍有。菊残犹有傲霜枝这句话的有意思是：只有那开败了的花枝还傲寒斗霜。出自宋朝苏轼的《赠刘景文》中，这首诗作于元祐五年（公元1090年），是送给好友刘景文的一首勉励诗。
2、原文为：
荷尽已无擎雨盖，菊残犹有傲霜枝
一年好景君须记，正是橙黄橘绿时。
（来源：文章屋网 ）
赠刘景文范文4
释义：指秋季景物。
出处：宋代苏轼《赠刘景文》诗：一年好景君须记，最是橙黄橘绿时。
2、回黄转绿；
释义：树叶由绿变黄，由黄变绿。原指时令的变迁，后比喻世事的反复。
出处：《古诗源休洗红》：回黄转绿无定期，世事反复君所知。
3、绿衣黄里；
释义：古时以黄色为正色，绿为闲色。以绿色为衣，用黄色为里。旧喻尊卑反置，贵贱颠倒。
赠刘景文范文5
2、接天莲叶无穷碧，映日荷花别样红。——杨万里《晓出净慈寺送林子方》
3、有三秋桂子，十里荷花。——柳永《望海潮·东南形胜》
4、庭前落尽梧桐，水边开彻芙蓉。——朱庭玉《天净沙·秋》
5、荷叶罗裙一色裁，芙蓉向脸两边开。——王昌龄《采莲曲》
6、荷风送香气，竹露滴清响。——孟浩然《夏日南亭怀辛大》
7、荷尽已无擎雨盖，菊残犹有傲霜枝。——苏轼《赠刘景文 / 冬景》
8、菡萏香销翠叶残，西风愁起绿波间。——李璟《摊破浣溪沙·菡萏香销翠叶残》
9、此花此叶常相映，翠减红衰愁杀人。——李商隐《赠荷花》
赠刘景文范文6
因生长习性得名：芍药的开花时节在春末，苏轼《芍药》中说：“多谢化工怜寂寞，尚留芍药殿春风。”因得别名“殿春”。兰花生长在空旷幽深的山谷，《诗经・白驹》：“皎皎白驹，在彼空谷。生刍一束，其人如玉。”得别名“空谷”。在万花凋零之际仍凌霜开放，得名“傲霜”，名源自苏轼《赠刘景文》：“荷尽已无擎雨盖，菊残犹有傲霜枝。”
因形态得名：宋代晁无咎最爱插花，挚友王直方特别派了侍女素儿送了一枝腊梅给他，晁无咎赋诗答谢，《谢王立之送腊梅》：“去年不是腊梅开，准拟新枝恰恰来。芳菲意浅姿容淡，忆得素儿如此梅。”他把腊梅比作美貌的素儿，腊梅别称“素儿”由此而来。
因颜色得名：牡丹别名“飞燕红妆”，名源李白《清平调》：“一枝红艳露凝香，云雨巫山枉断肠。借问汉宫谁得似，可怜飞燕倚新妆。”白梅别名“玉雪”。名源宋代范成大《连夕大风凌寒梅已零落殆尽》：“玉雪飘零贱似泥，惜花还记赏花时。”紫薇花在盛夏花开满树，艳丽如霞，得名“满堂红”。宋代王十朋《紫薇》中说：“盛夏绿遮眼，此花红满堂。自惭终日对，不是紫薇郎。”
因香味得名：牡丹别名“天香国色”，名源唐代李正封《牡丹》：“国色朝酣酒，天香夜染衣。”
梅花别名“暗香”，宋代林逋的《山园小梅》中说：“疏影横斜水清浅。暗香浮动月黄昏。”
因效用得名：萱草别名“忘忧草”，《诗经・伯兮》：“焉得谖草，言树之背。”谖草即萱草，而“谖”有忘记的意思。