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蚂蚁的习性范文1
蚂蚁是一种分布极广的昆虫，但是，你仔细观察过它吗？在无意之中，我却发现了蚂蚁的习性。
一群群小小的蚂蚁，对我们人类来说当然是微不足道的。但是我却发现，蚂蚁是那样强壮有力，团结友爱。
一天，我一边吃苹果一边下楼玩，一不小心把一块苹果皮掉在蚂蚁窝前。我正想把它捡起来扔到垃圾桶里，当我弯下腰时的一瞬间，突然发现一只蚂蚁迅速爬到苹果皮旁用触角试探着碰它。我更加疑惑，这只蚂蚁玩的是什么鬼把戏？它为什么碰到了苹果皮而不吃，却返回“家”里？我想，可能是这只蚂蚁已经吃饱了，它懒得理“上门”的食物吧！但是我马上否定了这个观点，因为映入眼帘的蚂蚁洞中竟然浩浩荡荡走出一大队蚂蚁！我好奇地打量着那群从蚂蚁窝进进出出的蚂蚁大军，只见那队蚂蚁大军闻着气味、顺着刚才那只神秘蚂蚁的路直奔苹果皮而来！
我看见当第一只蚂蚁碰到苹果皮时，后面的蚂蚁便分散开来，在苹果皮周围围成一圈，几只蚂蚁一齐用力，却总也托不起这“沉重”的苹果皮。不过，这个问题很快就得到了解决，越来越多的蚂蚁源源不断地冲向苹果皮，包围圈越来越密集。几十只蚂蚁一同用力，奇迹出现了！这几十只蚂蚁竟然托起了苹果皮踉踉跄跄地往洞穴走去！
蚂蚁的习性范文2
1.1 Brief Introduction of Jack London and Martin Eden 1
1.2 The Moral of Eden 2
2. An Analysis of the Tragic Image of Martin Eden 2
2.1 A Tragic Story 2
2.2 The Main Causes of the Tragic Ending 3
2.2.1 The Disillusion of Love 3
2.2.2 The Loner after Fame 4
3. An Analysis of the Deep Image behind the Tragedy 5
3.1 An Analysis of the Superman Image of Martin Eden 5
3.1.1 The Worshipper of the Superman Idea 5
3.1.2 The Abdicator of the Superman Idea 6
3.2 The Analysis of the Individualist Image of Martin Eden 8
3.2.1 The Strong Individualist 8
3.2.2 Halfway Individualist 9
3.3 The Analysis of the Victim under the Background of American Dream 9
3.3.1 The Background of the American Dream 9
3.3.2 The Victim in the American Dream 10
4. The Significance of the Image of Martin Eden 11
4.1 The Reflection of the Thoughts of Jack London 11
4.2 The Social Meaning of the Image of Martin Eden 13
5. Conclusion 14
Acknowledgements 14
References 15
1. Introduction
1.1 Brief Introduction of Jack London and Martin Eden
Jack London(1876-1916), known as a prestigious American naturalistic writer in the twentieth century, is also a prolific American novelist and short story writer, whose works deal romantically with the overwhelming power of nature and the struggle for survival.
He was born in San Francisco. Because the family was in poverty stricken circumstances, Jack had to work to support the family when he was only ten years old. At thirteen, he took a job in a cannery with very little pay. When he was twenty, he attended the University of California. However, he had to quit the University after only one semester because he once again had to support the family. In 1894, he spent 30 days for vagrancy in the Erie County Penitentiary at Buffalo. After many experiences as a hobo, and as a sailor, he wrote his first work, "Typhoon off the coast of Japan", an account of his sailing experiences, to attend a writing competition. In 1900, he published his first novel “the Son of the Wolf”, and gained his name around the world. During his forty years, he had published 51 works, who was a productive writer.
Among his works, Martin Eden is regarded as the most successful one, which can best represent his art achievements and style. It is a semi-autobiography, for most of the reality in the novel is from the real experience of Jack London. Martin Eden, a normal seaman from the lower class, who wanted to climb to the upper class and gain fame through his own great effort, to some degree, is the reincarnation of Jack London. Ironically, the tragic fates of them are rather similar, namely, choosing suicide to end their lives. Therefore, the tragic image of Martin Eden reflects not only Martin himself, but also the writer, even the society, which is really worthy of thinking.
1.2 The Moral of Eden
Eden, the surname of the character, has the meaning of “Garden of Eden” in the Bible. It is the garden that has the most beautiful scenes in the world, with all kinds of flowers and birds, surrounded by the trees, and accompanied by his beautiful wife. Everything is peaceful and fine. These are similar to the ideal world in the mind of Martin Eden. He pursues to climb to the upper class, attract the attention of Ruth, and win the fame and wealth. He regards Ruth as “a spirit, a divinity, a goddess” 157. He is obviously predestined to fail and die. Such tragic image has laid the mournful foundation of the novel.
2. An Analysis of the Tragic Image of Martin Eden
2.1 A Tragic Story
Martin Eden is a sailor from the bottom of the society. Once, he saves Arthur from a gang of drunks. Arthur is from the upper bourgeois class. So Martin is invited to dinner by Arthur’s family. There he meets Ruth and falls in love with this pale and ethereal creature at the first sight. At the same time, he feels shabby and small of himself. In order to win Ruth’s love, he decides to study hard to change his poor situation. He chooses to become a writer. He writes a lot of works and sends them to many magazines, dreaming that they can be published soon. However, all of these works are rejected. Life is very hard for Martin. Ruth leaves him, and he even doesn’t have money to buy food. Surprisingly and ironically, luck goes to him now. All his works have been published and become popular in the country. Pe ople from the upper class are eager to make friends with him. Even Ruth wants to come back to him. Martin now finds the society where he lives in, money and fame are everything, and his pursuit for pure and high ideal, for the warmest spiritual life is just a dream that does not exist at all. He feels very tired and sick of his life. “Life is a blunder and a shame.” And he drowns himself in the deep sea, ending his life.
2.2 The Main Causes of the Tragic Ending
2.2.1 The Disillusion of Love
Love is the most powerful drive of Martin to succeed. His love to Ruth is the romantic spiritual admiration. However, Ruth to Martin originates from the attraction of body.
Martin falls in love with Ruth at first sight. He regards her as a goddess, so he is willing to sacrifice everything for her. He makes his mind to struggle, to win her heart. At first, he wants to be a captain, and then a writer. Under the enlightenment of Ruth, he learns English by himself, studying grammar, memorizing vocabulary and changing his manner of speaking and pronouncing habits. At the beginning, he even has no idea of punctuation, fragments. Surprisingly, he becomes an excellent writer a few years later. The main purpose of his hard struggles to succeed is just to match Ruth.
On the contrary, Ruth’s love is mainly from body, to some degree, sex. She is attracted by this vigorous man at first, having the unconscious thought of embracing his strong neck. Such thought always revolves around in her mind, which makes Ruth feel shame. These are irrelevant to get over the feeling of knowing and love just a strong curiosity and attraction for sex.
On the other hand, Ruth’s feeling towards Martin has nothing to do with love. She wants to teach and change him, letting him struggle from dead broke to success. All she wants to do is just to change Martin to be another Bulter, the model in her mind.
As the teacher of Martin, she has a feeling of commanding. As a result, when Martin is assaulted by the newspaper, on the edge of losing all reputation, she thinks he is incorrigible, and breaks the engagement at once.
But reading and writing broaden Martin’s horizon. He finds the key to understanding and explaining the world. With the deep increasing of his mind, he becomes mature gradually. He gives his satisfactory works to Ruth. Unfortunately, Ruth has failed to follow Martin. What she learns in the university can not make her truly comprehend Martin’s work. What’s worse, when Martin is making great effort to read and write，Ruth hopes privately for his defeat and being someone like Bulter. How pitiful Martin is! How could he know his lover is not “in the same ship with him”?
However, it is strange that Martin finally becomes Bulter in literature. Now, Ruth regrets it and pursues actively to the man who she used to spurn. She, stealing into Martin’s room quietly, wants to dedicate herself to Martin. If the break of marriage is a great harm to Martin, Ruth’s active dedication will totally ruin Marin’s love to her and his pure love dream. In the end, Martin comes to realize that what he loves is just the illusion which he made. That Ruth in his heart actually does not exist. Painful struggle but in exchange for the disillusion of love leads Marin to bore with life.
2.2.2 The Loner after Fame
Reading makes the spirit of Martin climb to a new height. From there he sees the hypocrisy and shallowness in the upper class. At the same time, through reading, there is a wide distinct gulf between his former friends. That is to say, Martin’s success finally isolates himself.
He used to think the upper class was the elegant and warm world, being full of music, philosophy and poetry. It has the deep mind, elegant behavior, noble heart and pure feeling, which is the cultural crystallization of human beings. Whereas he eventually finds it is surrounded with hypocrisy and philistinism. Even his most pure and noble lover Ruth has no exception. He is so inappropriate to this world that he can not find friends. The only bosom friend Brissenden is dead.
On the other hand, he loses his relatives and former friends. Although he is poor, he is somebody between them and popular everywhere. He is expert at fight, dance and love. However, everything has changed after his fame. He loses them not for their unkindness, but for the great bridge between them. The fight in Shell Mound Park is a good example. “He felt very old-centuries older than those careless, care-free young companions of his other days. He had traveled far, too far to go back. Their mode of life, which had once been his, was now distasteful to him” [1]464. He was disappointed in it all. He had developed into an alien. Even the beautiful Lizzie can not draw his interests. What he knows is that she also fails to come into his mind. Or it will bring great harm to Lizzie. So he chooses to leave.
The hypocrisy an d shallowness of the publishing circle also make Martin disappointed. When he is unknown, all the publishing presses are apathy to him. His works are rejected. Martin endures the torments of hunger but his endeavor has no results. To him, the editorial office is just the machine for rejecting. Everything has changed when Martin becomes famous. All the publishing presses hasten to make an arrangement in advance. Ironically, all these presses flaunt how they find Martin’s talent.
The totally different attitudes, inhospitality and liveliness, actually are the two factors of one thing, that is, the publishing circle is just the means to pursue their own interests. They pay no attention to the importance of the truth of the literature. Exactly, Martin sees this clearly, and is disappointed to the literature and culture in America. He knows that no matter how hard he reads and writes there are few people that will truly understand his art. Such loneliness makes him choose to suicide.
3. An Analysis of the Deep Image behind the Tragedy
3.1 An Analysis of the Superman Image of Martin Eden
3.1.1 The Worshipper of the Superman Idea
According to the definition of Nietzsche’s Superman Ideology, the superman is the one who has strong body, excellent intelligence, and strong will to rule the world. He is much stronger and superior. Nietzsche thinks strong is fine and weak is bad. Only the strong overwhelm the weak that can increase the power will. He believes the superman has three strong abilities, that is, strong will is as hard as the earth that can burst out infinite power to win all the difficulties to liberate ourselves. 14-18.
Martin Eden is just the superman who can overcome all the difficulties. He is born to have firm determination. He dares to do the things which others dare not, and at the same time challenge himself. His will and power has been reflected in one of his memories. When he was six years old, he was often bullied by a boy who was two years older and fighting rather fiercely. They had fierce fights several times. However, Martin has been played badly battered, bleeding. But he never succumbs to this. As a result, he wins his enemy eleven years later. During their numerous fights, they are not only fighting for the power, but also for the will. His final success lies in his unswerving will and heroic character. Jack London aims to character Martin as the one who has indomitable and strong masculinity. Such masculinity makes him read and write a lot, even having nothing to eat in forty hours. In order to realize his writer’s dream, he reduces his sleeping hours to five per day at last. Even he suffers the frustrations time and again, he still persists in his ambition to realize his dream. Through his hard struggle, Martin has changed greatly, from a normal seaman, whose grammar is always wrong, to a great literature master, using language fluently and exactly. Finally, he becomes a superman in the upper class [5].
Martin has the heart as broad as the sea. He has the disengaged manner towards the misunderstanding of his relatives, the estrangement of his friends, and the contempt of somebody. Giovanni Boccaccio in Italy once said, “The real love can encourage people and wake his sleeping power and ability” [6]128. Martin has a dream in his heart for Ruth. In order to change his tragic destiny, he can overcome all the difficulties in his strong will. In his worst time, one day a postman send a check to him suddenly. From then on, Martin’s life has changed tremendously. His works has been published intermittently. Fame and money come to him automatically. He is in full flush of success. It repays his labor well.
Through Martin’s struggle progress, it can be sure that Martin has the superman ideology. He believes the battle is to the strong and the early bird catches the worm. Just this superman philosophy, Martin becomes the strong and superman in the lives.
3.1.2 The Abdicator of the Superman Idea
Martin Eden beautifies the upper class at the beginning. He thinks there are fair people, pure and noble mind, and warm spiritual lives 473. Many magazines all competitively introduce him and puff themselves as the first one to find Martin’s literary talen t. Those works that were once refused are all published again and again. Even the upper class hastens to invite him to dinner, and want to make friends with him. Even Judge Blount invites him to dinner who Martin has insulted him treated him abominably. Ruth returns to express her love to Martin under the scheme of her family. Towards these later fame and status, Martin feels a great irony. Because he knows that his popularity in the upper class lies in his fame and his one hundred thousand dollars, but not in his works. When Martin becomes a superman, he realizes those who he has looked up from the mire at such glorious entities and deemed them gods are actually the intellectual pretence and fraud in the high places. So Martin gives up all his hope. He sees through this society and the truth of this so called pure and noble upper class. He feels painful that he is cheated by the superman. His hard struggle is nothing. In the end, he is just a toy in the upper class. So he begins to doubt Nietzsche’s Superman Ideology and is confused. Just like Lizzie says “it ain’t your body. It’s your head, something’s wrong with your think-machine” [1]494.
In these cases, Martin finds the key to rescue him, Swinburne, whose philosophy is totally opposite to Nietzsche’s Superman Ideology.
“From too much love of living,
from hope and fear set free,
we thank with brief thanksgiving,
whatever gods may be,
that no life lives for ever;
that dead men rise up never;
……” [1]524
When life became an aching weariness, death was ready to soothe away to everlasting sleep. Martin thinks it’s time to go. That’s it that Martin gives up his everlasting belief and goes to the death. So a tragic destiny has been formed.
3.2 The Analysis of the Individualist Image of Martin Eden
3.2.1 The Strong Individualist
As Martin Eden so indulged himself in Superman philosophy, he becomes an extreme individualist. He says publicly, “As for myself, I am an individualist. I believe the race is to the swift, the battle to the strong. Such is the lesson I have learned from biology, or at least think I have learned. As I said, I am an individualist and individualism is the hereditary and eternal foe of socialism” [1]329.
He attacks the bourgeoisie publicly and cannot bear the sight of their false individualism. “They will eat you up, you socialists who are afraid of socialism and who think yourselves individualists. Your slave-morality of the meek and lowly never saves you” [1]411. The debate with the bourgeoisie exactly makes Martin have a clear idea of those upper noble. They are sickening. Once Martin dreamed that the persons who sat in the high places, who lived in fine houses and had educations and bank accounts, were worthwhile!
At the same time, Martin doesn’t have the sense of belonging to laboring people. He believes they are the unfit. Nature rejected them for the exceptional man. “Out of the plentiful spawn of life she flung from her prolific hand she selected only the best”420. Such thoughts to the working class make Martin be isolated, becoming the spiritual loner.
Despite the fact that Martin’s bosom friend Brissenden tells him that his only future is socialism, which will save him in the time of disappointment that is coming to Martin. “It is because socialism is inevitable; because the present rotten and irrational system cannot endure; because the day is past for your man on horseback.” 93
3.2.2 Halfway Individualist
Martin Eden declares that he is an individualist. But his behavior does not conform to his words. In fact, his behavior proves more than once that he is a kind man.
He buys a pasture for his landlady, who always takes care of him silently. And also her children could go to school. As to his old friend Joe, Martin prepares a new washhouse for him, making his dream come true. Even Martin sends Lizzie to evening school and study. He feels greatly guilt for her, “Martin Eden, you’re not a brute, and you’re a damn poor Nietzshceman . You’d marry her if you could and fill her quivering heart full of happiness. But you can’t, you can’t! And it’s a damn shame!” [1]465
Ironically, Martin’s attitude towards his sister does not belong to the hostile attitude to the socialists. Gertrude is a poor housewife in the lowest class. The heavy burden makes her life rather hard. Martin feels a pang of sorrow shoot through him at sight of her heavy body and uncouth gait. As he watched her go, the Nietzshean edifice seemed to shake and totter [1]432 . And yet, if there is ever a slave trampled by the strong, that slave is his sister Gertrude. This is a paradox. A fine Nietzsche-man he is, to allow his intellectual concepts to be shaken by the first sentiment or emotion that strayed along to be shaken by the slave morality itself, for that is what his pity for his sister really is. On the contrary, the true noble men are above pity and compassion. Martin’s paradoxical attitude to the slaves indicates his tragic ending is inevitable.
3.3 The Analysis of the Victim under the Background of American Dream
3.3.1 The Background of the American Dream
The critic, Mary E Berton, describes “The American Dream” as the dance between American Idealism and Money” [9] . Through the two-hundred-year American history, the American Dream has already become an inspiring national spirit. It has empowered Americans, especially the youth, to reach for the beauty of their dreams, to build a new nation out of the wilderness and to accomplish miracles out of nothing.
Human wishes and desires were expressed clearly in Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence in 1776:“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness—That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed” [10]110. The issue of Declaration of Independence becomes the foundation of The American Dream. In this instable society, if you can hold on the chances, your dream will come true. Therefore American dream becomes an important theme in American literary.
America, after the war, was the time that had got rid of the moral standard of hard working and plain living. Money worship and hedonism replace cool opportunism. However, when history has advanced into the 20th century, the post-bellum decades witnessed the emergence of “Modern America.” Industrialism and science and the new philosophy of life based upon science were among the important factors, which helped to create the economic, social and cultural transformations of the country. Industrialism produced financial giants, but at the same time created an industrial proletariat entirely at the mercy of external forces beyond their control [11]74-75. Slums appeared in great number and the city poor lived a life of insecurity, suffering, and violence. Life became a struggle for survival. The Darwinian concepts like “the survival of the fittest” and “the human beast” became popular catchwords and standards of moral reference in an amoral world. Darwin’s ideas of evolution and especially those of Herbert Spencer helped to change the outlook of many rising authors and intellectuals, and produced an attitude of gloom and despair which characterize American Literature of this period.
3.3.2 The Victim in the American Dream
Martin’s dream lies in the untrue love. “All things may go astray in this world, but not love” [1]348. In order to gain love from Ruth, he works hard and “crawling on hands to the upper class”. However, after he gains fame and name, he is holding loose to all of these. He does not indulge in the dream of love. On the contrary, he has a clear idea of the upper class from Ruth. He hates their hypocritical, vulgar, ruthless words and behavior. At the same time, he finds himself being isolated from the laboring people. After his dream is all snuffed out, he only has to choose suicide to end his life.
There are no love, morality and sense of shame in the capitalist society, only the cold relationship of money. In the 1920s’, the American Dream was exactly the most pride phantasm in the civilization. The First World War is a great shock to the American traditional moral value, exposing its selfness and hypocrisy. During that period, the extreme superstitions facilitated all egoism, and money became the only standard to measure the material and spiritual value. Martin is the victim and symbol of that period. Their dream in that environment is doomed to disillusion. At a deeper level, Martin’s ability to create miracle and the dedication to his dream makes America become greater. Also the disappearance of this miracle and the disillusion of the dream make the world become the very depths of iniquity. Its exposits a loss of the American value profoundly. At the same time, it exposes the disfigurement of socialization, the departure of moral socialization and the maladjustment in value view [12].
4. The Significance of the Image of Martin Eden
4.1 The Reflection of the Thoughts of Jack London
Martin’s tragedy is also the tragedy of the author. As regarded as a semi-autobiography, Jack London has a similar experience to that of Martin Eden. From his birth in 1876, he lived a life rich with experiences and emotional intensity. Factory worker at 14, able-bodied seaman at 17, hobo and convict at 18, “Boy Socialist” of Oakland at 19，Klondike Argonaut at 21, social crusader，journalist, and war correspondent at 28, self-made millionaire by the time of his death at 40: The facts became a legend in London’s own lifetime [13]7. These romantic experiences have become the rich writing resources for him later.
During London’s life, his worldview is rather complicated. Jack London called himself riding on “four horses”-Darwin’s, Spencer’s, Nietzsche’s theories and Marxism. These theories were mixed in London’s works. But Jack London didn’t know these horses were not running in the same direction. In fact, London’s viewpoints in Martin Eden are very confusing.
Herbert Spencer is an English philosopher. He exerted a rather deep influence upon Jack London. In an 1899 letter London wrote that Spencer’s “First Principles” had done more for mankind and through the ages would have done far more for mankind. In Martin Eden, Spencer enraptured the novel’s namesake,
“Martin had ascended from pitch to pitch of intellectual living and here he was at a higher pitch than ever. All the hidden things were laying their secrets bear. He was drunk with comprehension. At night, asleep, he lived with the gods in colossal nightmare; and awake, in the day, he went around like a somnambulist, with absent stare, gazing upon the world he had just discovered.” [14]144
As is the case with the fictional Martin Eden, London is highly influenced by Spencer. It is a fascination that lasts throughout his life. Spencer is especially important in understanding Jack London’s racialism.
Social Darwinism is a late 19th century sociological theory. Inherent in the theory of Social Darwinism is Spencer’s “survival of the fittest.” Borrowing from Darwin’s theory of evolution, Social Darwinists believed those societies, as do organisms evolve over time. Nature then determined that the strong survive and the weak perish. In Jack London’s case, he believes that certain favored races are destined for survival.
The “superman”, Friedrich Nietzsche’s philosophy, is perfect in both mind and body. He is unmatched in strength and intelligence. He is also not encumbered by religious or social mores [15]64-65. London considered himself not only an admirer of Nietzsche, but also his intellectual enemy. London regarded Martin Eden as an indictment against the selfish individualism of the superman theory. London calls himself a socialist superman. The aim to write Martin Eden is to attack individualism. London considers Martin Eden as a doomed failure because his Nietzschean philosophy does not belong to socialism. In Martin Eden, Jack London criticized capitalism and praised socialism through Brissenden who was a socialist.
“These bourgeois cities will kill you. Look at that den of traders where I met you. Dry rot is no name for it. One can’t keep his sanity in such and atmosphere. It’s degrading. There’s not one of them who is not degrading, man and woman, all of them, animated stomachs guided by the high intellectual and artistic impulses of clams” [1]514
In fact, London’s love for individualism makes the readers feel less the criticism to individualism. On the contrary, it expresses much more pride for individualism. Just as Stone said, “he prepares to believe the superman and socialism, even takes no notice of the ostracism of each other. In his life, he is an individualist and also a socialist. For himself, he needs individualism, because he is a superman and a beast for fighting. For people, he needs socialism, because the masses are weak, who need protect” [16]159. They are inconsistent. So London doesn’t have a strong and firm belief. He changes his belief from side to side, which not only affects his life, but also his works. In his later life, years of hardship makes him lose his way, and choose the same way as Martin Eden.
4.2 The Social Meaning of the Image of Martin Eden
Martin Eden’s tragedy not only lies in his character weakness, but also the deep reflection of the society. Martin Eden was published in 1909, when America went through War of Independence and the Civil War. Capitalism developed quickly, economy booming, and the industry production ranked first in 1894. During this promising period, some smart operators become rich, whose images set good examples to Americans. People believe, in this country, everyone was equal to success. So fighters from all classes challenged in various ways to the society in order to get rid of the low status. They wanted to realize their dream and personal happiness. However, the results were just the opposite. It’s hard for them to achieve their goals, but indulged in depression, depravation even suicide [17]35. Jack London reflected the social reality and characteristics of the times through Martin Eden’s image.
What is more, the writer also puts forward some deep and philosophic problems, such as what is the value of one’s life that people need to pursue? How can people not lose themselves while pursuing their dreams? Through Martin’s image we know much about the society, making us question and doubt the American political system. “The tragedy of Martin provides a good example for people, that is, in the capitalist society, all of the upstanding thoughts, art and creation will be ruined unfeelingly. They are definitely be wiped out, having no other outlet [18]243.
5. Conclusion
Martin Eden chooses to die to escape the dark world, and save his sickness. The disillusion of love and the isolation and loneliness after fame renders his death inevitable. His tragic image brings us not just only these, but more. It is anticipated that his waver attitude towards “superman” and individualist are the deep-layer causes of tragic ending. It is also the reflection of Jack London’s philosophy. Jack London’s vague attitudes towards Darwin, Nietzsche, Herbert Spencer, and Marxism perplex him during all his life. In the end, he got the same tragic ending with Martin. It is not just a coincidence. At the same time, the disillusion of Martin’s “American Dream” illustrates such tragic image at that time is the mainstream of the society. It is the tragedy of intellectual.
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of Miss Ye Yiqun, who provided me with cherished insights and guidance step by step throughout my writing of this dissertation. She gave useful advises to my thesis, closely monitored my work and made careful revisions to my thesis. Then I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my friends for their help. In addition, I am extremely grateful to my parents for their continued love, encouragement and support during my pursuit of knowledge.
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. Weiden Feld & Nicolson, 1978.
[14] LACAN, JACQUES. The Four Concepts of Psychoanalysis [M]. Norton, 1978.
[15] 王莉萍. 马丁•伊登——一位自然主义者的现代版美国梦[D]. 山东师范大学英语系, 2006.
[16] 褚律元. 欧文•斯通文集:马背上的水手———杰克.伦敦传[M]. 北京:北京十月文艺出版社, 1999.
[17] 左平熙. 梦想的幻灭——读《马丁•伊登》[J]. 河北: 郑州经济管理干部学院学报, 2003.
蚂蚁的习性范文3
摘要阐述了马铃薯生长发育对环境条件的要求，对汉中地区马铃薯栽培的适宜性进行了分析，以期为该区的马铃薯栽培提供科学指导。
关键词马铃薯;栽培;适应性;分析;陕西汉中
马铃薯又名洋芋，原产于秘鲁和智利的高山地区，现已遍布世界各地，热带和亚热带国家甚至在冬季或凉爽季节也可栽培并获得较高产量。17世纪中叶由荷兰人传入中国，在我国已有300多年的栽培历史。主要在我国的东北、内蒙、华北和云贵等气候较凉的地区种植，现在我国马铃薯种植面积居世界第2位。马铃薯产量高，营养丰富，对环境的适应性较强，是具有多种用途的经济作物[1]。汉中地区位于秦巴山区，该区地形复杂，土地资源有限，而劳动力资源充裕，在该区发展马铃薯产业，有助于增加农民收入及农村经济的繁荣[2-4]。
1马铃薯生长发育对环境条件的要求
马铃薯生育期90~110 d。喜凉和较大的气温日照差，喜光照、怕霜冻、不耐热，要求疏松湿润富含有机质的土壤，适应范围较广，在温度适宜的前提下，无论山区、丘陵、平原均可种植。
1.1光照条件
马铃薯基本属长日照作物，喜光作物，在生育期间，光照强度不足，会使茎叶徒长，块茎形成延迟。日照长短直接影响植株生长和块茎的形成，长日照可促进茎叶生长和现蕾开花，短日照有利于块茎形成，在每天11～13 h日照下，茎叶发达，光合作用旺盛，块茎的产量也高。马铃薯各个生育时期，对产量形成最有利的条件是:幼苗期短日、强光和适当高温，有利于促根、壮苗和捉早结薯;块茎形成期长日、强光和适当高温，有利于建立强大同化系统;块茎增长及淀粉积累期短日、强光、适当低温和较大的昼夜温差，有利于同化产物向块茎运转，促进块茎高产。
1.2温度条件
马铃薯性喜冷凉，不耐高温，生育期间以日平均气温17～21 ℃为适宜。马铃薯在4 ℃以上块茎的芽就能萌动，在0 ℃以下块茎受冻。块茎上芽的最适萌发温度为12～16 ℃，块茎发育的适宜土温是16～18 ℃，以不超过21 ℃为好，高温会使块茎停止生长，30 ℃左右时块茎完全停止生长。昼夜温差大，有利于块茎膨大，特别是较低的夜温，有利于茎叶同化产物向块茎运转。马铃薯生长全生育期需要有效总积温为1 000～2 500 ℃(以10 cm土层5 ℃以上温度计算)，多数品种为1 500～2 000 ℃。早熟品种要求较低，而中晚熟品种则要求较高。
1.3水分条件
马铃薯整个生育期间，土壤湿度保持田间最大持水量的60%～80%为最适宜。萌芽和出苗，可以靠种薯自身所含水分。幼苗期间，土壤保持田间最大持水量的65%左右为宜。块茎形成期，茎叶开始旺盛生长，需水量显著增加，该期需水量占全生育期总需水量的30%左右，保持田间最大持水量的70%～75%为宜。早熟品种在地上部孕蕾期至开花末期，茎叶急速生长，块茎大量形成，需水量最大;中熟品种自开花后直至茎叶停止生长前的整个阶段，都属块茎膨大期，比早熟品种需水期更长。
1.4土壤条件
马铃薯适宜于表土层深厚、结构疏松、排水通气良好和富含有机质的土壤，特别是孔隙度大、通气良好的土壤，有利于根系发育和块茎增长。马铃薯适于在微酸性土壤中生长，土壤酸碱度以pH值5.5～6.0为最适宜。
2适宜性分析
2.1地理环境
汉中地区位于陕西省西南部，北依秦岭，南屏巴山，与甘肃、四川毗邻，中部为盆地，全市辖11个县区，227个镇乡街道办，2 943个村(居)委会，总人口374万人。总面积2.72万km2，其中盆地占6%，浅山丘陵占36%，中高山区占58%，耕地面积为23.13万hm2。该区地域广阔，地形复杂，垂直差异明显，为高产优质马铃薯的生产提供了良好的地理环境。
2.2气候条件
汉中地区属北亚热带季风气候区，四季分明，气候温和，光照充足，降水充沛，光、热、水条件俱佳，属于马铃薯栽培的中原二作区。该区各县年平均气温11.4～14.5 ℃，年大于10 ℃以上的积温盆地丘陵、南部山地及北部山地分别为5 490～6 048、5 300、5 100 ℃;年无霜期分别为250～260、235、225 d;年降雨量分别为665～867、935～1 123、769～853 mm;年平均日照时数为1 500～1 750 h。可见，该区的总体气候特点与马铃薯最适宜生长环境基本相似，为马铃薯的高产优质栽培提供了良好的气候条件。另外，丘陵和山地昼夜温差大，日照充足，有利于光合作用的进行、干物质的积累、块茎的膨大，有利于提高马铃薯的品质并保持其优越种性。
2.3土质特征
该区土壤类型主要为黄棕壤、棕壤、暗棕壤、水稻土、潮土、新积土、紫色土和石质土等农业土壤和区域性土壤。据土壤普查分析，全区土壤有机质含量多数适中，氮、磷、钾因成土母质的不同而存在差异，土壤的pH值呈微酸性至中性。可见，该区土壤较适宜优质马铃薯的生长。
2.4政策导向
现在政府已经将马铃薯定位为支柱产业进行发展，每年栽种马铃薯2万hm2左右，年产量约40万t。近年来，随着农村经济的发展，陕西省汉中市马铃薯生产已经实现两大转变，一是由粮食型作物向经济作物转变，二是由自给型产品向商品型转变。为了适应发展形式，2007年市农业局制定了《汉中市马铃薯产业发展规划》，明确了该区马铃薯发展的方向是早熟优质蔬菜，重点面向西北市场。
2.5科技支撑
由汉中市农业科学研究所承担的国家“脱毒马铃薯良种繁育基地建设”项目及“陕西省马铃薯科技创新体系汉中专家大院”，每年开展相关田间试验，先后引进马铃薯新品种20余个，组装研究早熟双膜栽培，微型种薯高山繁育等新技术，为汉中早熟菜用马铃薯生产提供技术支撑。
3结语
汉中地区处于秦巴山区，种植马铃薯的条件优越，产量高，品质好，曾一度解决了该区广大农民的温饱问题;现在已成为当地农村种植结构调整、农民增收、脱贫致富的主要途径之一，具有广阔的发展前景。
4参考文献
[1] 王树安.作物栽培学各论[M].北京:中国农业出版社，1999:231-245.
[2] 刘勇，刘铸德.汉中市脱毒马铃薯种薯繁育体系建设现状、面临问题及对策[J].陕西农业科学，2008(4):132-133.
蚂蚁的习性范文4
关键词：数码艺术；设计；特征；审美；传统艺术
中图分类号：J05文献标识码：A文章编号：1005-5312（2012）11-0052-01
一、数码艺术
（一）数码艺术设计及其产生
数码艺术属于一种新媒体艺术，它是建立在以数字技术为核心的基础上的，是由当下电脑、录像、网络、数字成像技术等先进科技成果混同与整合而发展起来的一种新型的艺术样式。它是指以数字科技发展和全新传媒技术为基础，人类理性思维和艺术灵感融合为一体的艺术。
数码艺术设计的概念是在20世纪90年代后期提出来的，它的产生基于科学技术的高速发展。20世纪60年代，观念艺术的出现对人们的传统审美观念产生了巨大的冲击，最具影响力和代表性的是法国艺术家杜尚的作品，其中最著名的是名为《泉》的作品――小便器，由此引起了广泛的争议。然而多年后，公众一致认为这件作品象征着杜尚开启了现代艺术的大门。
（二）数码艺术设计的特征
数码艺术，除了在表现形式上前所未有的多样化以外，更重要的是作品的反传统性和它的人文关怀，即使某些作品借用商业社会的特性而采用通俗和游戏的形式，但仍然可以从艺术家的精神内涵的解读中加以区别，这也是区别其他利用数码进行创作的作品。
（三）数码艺术设计的视觉表现
如今视觉传播由以往形态上的平面化、静态化，开始逐渐向动态化、综合化方向转变；从单一媒体跨越到多媒体；从二维平面延伸到三维立体和空间；从传统的印刷设计产品更多转化到虚拟信息形象的传播，媒体语汇极大丰富。数码艺术设计的应用带给人们全新的视觉感受，在视觉样式的扩展和应用方面为人们提供了无止境的可能性。
二、数码艺术设计的审美特征
数码艺术设计的审美本质特征集中表现在以下两个方面：
第一，数码艺术审美趣味的特征。所谓多媒融合的造型机制就是将众多媒体的艺术元素有机整合，产生每一独立媒体单独所不具有的新的意义。类似依靠镜头整合产生新的意象的蒙太奇，可称为“媒体蒙太奇”；包括共时叠加的媒体蒙太奇和历时链接的媒体蒙太奇，它是最基本的多媒体编辑手法和新媒体艺术语汇，并由此生成了数码艺术创作上新的艺术追求和欣赏中新的审美趣味。
第二，新媒体艺术美感激发模式的特征。数码艺术设计将不同媒体及其造型及传播机制的应用功能有机整合，产生更为强大的综合艺术功能。
三、数码艺术设计的现代审美观念与传统与结合
（一）现代设计的审美观念
要探讨和研究数码艺术设计的艺术特征，就必须对现代审美观念要有一个宏观的认识和把握。概括来看，现代审美观念主要体现在以下几个方面：第一，抽象化。集约化大生产决定了产品必须要便于生产，而不能有过多和过分的雕饰，所以要求产品必须要以简练和抽象的造型为主。二，简洁化。简洁性体现在设计中，就是将功能与审美有机地结合在一起。三，强冲击。强冲击就是审美中对人的情感和心灵的震撼和激荡。四，民族化。从审美角度来看，艺术审美的民族化特征并没有随着现代化和全球化的浪潮而消失，相反得到了重新的认同和进一步的肯定。五，个性化。艺术理论在突破了传统的模仿和表现之后，更强调艺术的自我表现，强调作为一个个体的人的艺术家对世界和人生的特殊的领悟，因此，在艺术创作中非常注重个性特征的表现。
（二）数码艺术设计与传统艺术的结合
蚂蚁的习性范文5
【关键词】 抑郁症 海马内环境 稳态 脑源性神经生长因子 血管内皮生长因子
【Abstract】 Objective: To study the action of hippocampal internal enviroment in deprssion. Methods: 20 femal wistar rats were pided into the control， model group. Serum cortisol and estradiol were measured with ELISA. Hippocampal CA3 morphology were observed by light and electron miroscope. BDNF and VEGF expressions were detected by immunohistochemistry. Results: compared with those in the control， in the model group， the serum cortisol level increased obviously， serum estradiol level decreased significantly， and the CA3 neurons had severious structure damage， and the expressions of BDNF and VEGF decreased markedly. Conclusion: The homeostasis of hippocampal internal enviroment is disrupted in depression.
【Key words】 depression hippocampal internal enviroment homeostasis brain-derived neurotrophtic factor vascular endothelial growth factor
海马内环境指海马神经元的细胞外液，其理化性质和各种成分应保持相对稳定的状态，即稳态。海马内环境的理化特性包括温度、渗透压、酸碱度等，成分有各种离子、激素、递质、细胞因子等。海马内环境稳太破坏均会损伤海马功能和结构，进而影响行为、情绪和内脏功能。现代医学认为海马损伤在抑郁症发病中起重要作用[1-2]，但抑郁状态下，海马内环境出现何种变化目前尚没有系统研究，这就是本课题的研究目标，而本文主要对海马内环境中相关成分进行初步观察。
1 材料和方法
1.1实验动物的选取和分组 健康Wistar雌性大鼠，清洁级，体重226±20g，中国医科大学动物实验中心提供，合格证号：医大动物合格证SCXK(辽)2008-0005。适应性饲养1周后，选择行为学得分相近的20只大鼠，随机分为对照组、抑郁症模型组（模型组），每组10只。室温20℃～25℃，湿度40%～50%。
1.2抑郁症模型的建立 模型组大鼠建立慢性不可预见性应激模型，即在21d内随机施加电击足底（36V交流电，5min）、冰水游泳（4℃，5min）、摇晃（1min）、夹尾（1min）、禁水（24h）、禁食(24h)等刺激，每种刺激4次。
1.3血清雌二醇和皮质醇检测 在实验的d22，2组大鼠均腹腔注射20%氨基甲酸乙酯（0.4mL/100g）麻醉后，腹主动脉取血，离心后取血清，低温冻存。采用ELISA方法检测皮质醇和雌二醇(Estradiol，E2)，此项工作由总医院内分泌实验室完成。
1.4海马组织学观察 首先是HE染色：取完成1.3后2只大鼠，立即断头取双侧海马，置于10%甲醛中固定，石蜡切片，HE染色，观察海马CA3区神经元的形态学变化。 其次电镜观察：取完成1.3后的2只大鼠，升主动脉插管，150ml生理盐水快速冲去血液，快速灌入4℃2.5%戊二醛固定液，取双侧海马，修块，再于戊二醛中固定2h，PBS反复清洗后，再经1%锇酸固定2h，双蒸水冲洗，梯度乙醇脱水，临界点干燥，离子溅射真空渡膜，扫描电镜下观察超微结构。
1.5脑源性神经生长因子和血管内皮生长因子表达 取完成1.3的6只大鼠开胸，升主动脉插管，生理盐水快速冲去血液，取双侧海马，4%多聚甲醛固定4～6h，30%蔗糖溶液沉底。做海马石蜡冠状切片，片厚25μm，隔4片取1片，采用免疫组化SABC法检测脑源性神经生长因子(Brain-derived neurotrophtic factor，BDNF)和血管内皮生长因子(Vascular endothelial growth factor ，VEGF)表达，相关抗体和试剂盒均购于武汉博±德试剂公司，阴性对照选用PBS。利用BI-2000医学图像分析系统，测定海马CA3区BDNF和VEGF表达的平均灰度值。
1.6数据处理 数据以x-±s表示，采用SPSS13.0中ANOVA检验进行统计学处理。
2 实验结果
实验过程中没有实验动物死亡及脱失现象。
2.1海马形态学变化
光镜下，对照组CA3区有大量致密锥体细胞，排列整齐，细胞完整，边缘清晰；模型组细胞层次减少、稀疏、排列紊乱，大量细胞坏死。电镜下，对照组细胞器丰富，轮廓清晰，细胞核呈圆形，核膜清晰光滑完整，核染色质分布均匀；模型组细胞器减少，线粒体空泡化，细胞核变小，不规则，且核膜增厚，核周电子密度降低。
2.2海马内环境相关成分变化
与对照组比较，模型组皮质醇显著升高，E2明显下降。BDNF和VEGF免疫阳性反应产物呈棕黄色，前者分布神经元胞浆内，后者主要分布于血管内皮细胞内。对照组BDNF和VEGF表达较多，模型组较少，二者灰度值均升高。具体数据见表1。
表1 各组海马内环境相关成分的变化
转贴于
注：与对照组比较：a P
3 讨论
海马作为边缘系统的重要结构，具有形成学习记忆和协调行为、情绪和内脏活动等的重要功能。近年来，海马在抑郁症的作用备受关注。影像学研究观察到抑郁症患者的海马结构出现萎缩，且与病程有关［3］。众多动物实验也证实，海马损伤是抑郁模型动物的共同表现，这在本实验中也得到了验证，如海马CA3区出现细胞层次减少、细胞损伤、细胞器破坏等。
海马神经元所处的细胞外液属于机体内环境，其成分和理化特性相对稳定是神经元发挥功能的前提。在海马内环境成分中，有些能够保护神经元，有些则起破坏作用。生理水平的皮质醇不会损伤海马，但高浓度皮质醇则有明显损伤作用。雌激素与皮质醇相反，具有神经元保护作用。本实验没有通过微透析技术检测脑灌流液中的皮质醇和E2水平，其原因是二者均为类固醇激素，能够自由通过血脑屏障，血清水平与脑内浓度基本一致。实验观察到，模型组血清中皮质醇水平显著升高、E2则明显下降，这些变化表明抑郁状态下，皮质醇过度分泌，E2则分泌减少，提示在激素方面海马神经元失去了保护。BDNF和VEGF均为保护海马的细胞因子，对神经元具有营养和支持作用。本实验采用免疫组化技术检测到，模型组二者表达均下降，提示抑郁状态下，海马神经元失去了营养性细胞因子的营养和支持作用。
上述实验结果提示，抑郁状态下，海马神经元的保护成分减少，破坏因素增加，即海马内环境稳态被破坏，从而导致海马损伤，因此恢复海马内环境稳态是防治抑郁症的重要环节。
参 考 文 献
[1]Anja Urbach， Christoph Redecker， and Otto W. Witte. Induction of Neurogenesis in the Adult Dentate Gyrus by Cortical Spreading Depression [J]. Stroke，2008，39:3064-3072.
蚂蚁的习性范文6
【关键词】 氟马西尼； 异氟烷； 麻醉； 苏醒； 认知功能
中图分类号 R614 文献标识码 B 文章编号 1674-6805（2014）4-0033-02
异氟烷吸入麻醉是经呼吸道吸入异氟烷而产生全身麻醉作用的一种麻醉方式，具有起效迅速、安全性高的优势，在临床上应用较广泛。但异氟烷吸入麻醉患者在苏醒期神经反射功能常不能很快地恢复，苏醒后存在学习、记忆力、智力、注意力、定向力等认知功能障碍，影响患者术后的康复进程[1]。笔者所在医院探讨了氟马西尼注射液对异氟烷麻醉后苏醒和认知功能的影响，旨在为今后的临床工作提供参考和借鉴，现将结果分析报告如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选择2011年8月-2013年7月笔者所在医院采用异氟烷吸入麻醉的手术患者124例为研究对象，ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅲ级，并剔除合并严重心脏疾病、精神疾病、癫痫、控制不良的高血压、糖尿病、智力低下、阿兹海默症、长期服用精神药物、视力、听力、语言障碍、文盲等患者。按随机数字表法将患者分成两组，各62例。对照组患者男36例，女26例；年龄48～75岁，平均（63.14±4.35）岁；体重52～84 kg，平均（64.32±5.21）kg；文化程度包括本科2例，大专5例，高中18例，初中20例，小学17例。观察组患者男35例，女27例；年龄46～77岁，平均（62.80±4.46）岁；体重51～82 kg，平均（64.22±5.34）kg；文化程度包括本科3例，大专4例，高中20例，初中19例，小学16例。两组患者年龄、体重、性别、文化程度、ASA分级等一般资料比较，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05），具有可比性。
1.2 麻醉方法
所有患者入室后均首先静脉注射咪唑安定0.04 mg/kg、芬太尼2.0 μg/kg、丙泊酚1.0～2.0 mg/kg，之后给予顺式阿曲库铵0.2 mg/kg进行麻醉诱导。气管插管后行间歇正压通气，呼气末CO2分压维持在30～40 mm Hg。术中根据手术要求给予吸入1～2 MAC异氟烷，术中酌情追加芬太尼、维库溴铵。术毕将异氟烷浓度减少至0.4 MAC。观察患者出现4个成串刺激、2个以上肌颤反应后，停用异氟烷。给予新斯的明0.04 mg/kg、阿托品0.01 mg/kg拮抗肌松[2]。
观察组患者静脉推注氟马西尼注射液（浙江仙琚制药股份有限公司生产，规格：5 ml：0.5 mg，国药准字H20063822），剂量为0.3 mg。对照组患者静脉推注等剂量安慰剂生理盐水[3]。
1.3 观察指标
术后将患者送入麻醉恢复室观察，对比两组患者苏醒情况和认知功能的差异性。采用简易智力量表（MMSE）评价患者术后认知功能的恢复情况，包括定向力10分，记忆力3分，注意力和计算力5分，回忆能力3分，语言能力9分，总分为30分。得分越高，表示患者术后认知功能恢复越好[4]。
1.4 统计学处理
采用SPSS 17.0统计学软件进行数据分析，计量资料以均数±标准差（x±s）表示，进行t检验，计数资料采用字2检验，P
2 结果
观察组患者自主呼吸恢复时间、轻度唤醒时间短于对照组（P
表1 两组苏醒情况和认知功能比较
组别 自主呼吸恢复时间（min） 轻度唤醒时间（min） 术后6 h时MMSE评分（分）
观察组（n=62） 10.34±2.86* 14.20±2.75* 27.62±3.62*
对照组（n=62） 12.15±3.02 16.85±2.92 24.57±3.58
*与对照组比较，P
3 讨论
苏醒延迟、认知功能障碍是全麻术后常见的中枢神经系统并发症，主要表现为记忆力减退、精神集中能力和理解能力下降，可延迟康复进程，导致住院时间延长、医疗费用增加，尤其好发于老年患者，已成为一个严重的医疗问题和社会问题[5]。
苯二氮卓类物通过与中枢神经系统内的A型氨基丁酸受体结合形成蛋白复合物，使突触后膜的氯离子通道开放，产生超极化而发挥麻醉作用。其中异氟烷是一种吸入性麻醉剂，对认知功能的影响较复杂。动物模型研究发现其对大鼠海马回神经元具有一定的抑制作用，可抑制兴奋性突触后电位，延长抑制性突触后电位持续，增强氨基丁酸受体介导的突触间负电荷流动。同时严重神经元烟碱受体、乙酰胆碱受体功能和突触的可塑性，抑制乙酰胆碱的释放和突触体对胆碱的摄取，并影响其他神经递质的释放，对学习、记忆和认知功能均产生一定的影响。异氟烷可快速诱导麻醉，对心血管系统、肝脏功能影响较小，在临床的应用较为广泛。异氟烷的麻醉作用部位在前上部岛叶、左侧顶叶脑回、右侧顶叶脑回等特定的脑区，在低浓度时异氟烷可起到细胞保护作用，高浓度时可增强β淀粉样蛋白的寡聚化反应和细胞毒性，使细胞发生凋亡，是引起术后认知功能障碍的独立危险因子。
氟马西尼是一种苯二氮卓类选择性拮抗剂，通过与中枢神经的苯二氮卓类受体结合而发挥拮抗苯二氮卓类药物的作用。氟马西尼作用于中枢神经系统的氨基丁酸受体，促进突触后膜的氯离子通道关闭，产生去极化而解除抑制性突触后电位，达到促进苏醒的效果，可部分或全部逆转苯二氮卓类药物引起的意识丧失，并具有抗焦虑，促进定向力、理解力的恢复，明显促进苏醒和记忆恢复认知功能损害[6]。
本研究中静脉推注氟马西尼者术后自主呼吸恢复时间、轻度唤醒时间均明显短于给予安慰剂者，提示氟马西尼具有促进术后苏醒的作用。静脉推注氟马西尼者术后6 h时MMSE评分明显高于给予安慰剂者，提示氟马西尼具有促进术后认知功能恢复的作用。
本研究结果表明，氟马西尼可促进异氟烷麻醉患者的术后苏醒和认知功能的恢复，具有积极的临床意义，值得在今后的临床工作中予以推广应用。
参考文献
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[4]徐树莲.氟马西尼改善丙泊酚麻醉后认知功能的临床研究[J].中国现代医生，2011，49（17）：88-89.
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